forearm and wrist

Question 1

What is the primary muscle group in the posterior forearm?

Answer 1

The extensor-supinator muscles.

Question 2

Where do the extensor-supinator muscles commonly insert?

Answer 2

On the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

Question 3

What are the two layers of muscles in the posterior forearm?

Answer 3

A superficial and deep layer.

Question 4

What is the primary function of the key muscles in the posterior forearm?

Answer 4

They extend the hand and digits (extrinsic function).

Question 5

What nerve innervates the posterior forearm muscles?

Answer 5

The radial nerve.

Question 6

Which muscle extends all four fingers (except the thumb)?

Answer 6

Extensor digitorum.

Question 7

Which muscle extends the 5th digit (little finger)?

Answer 7

Extensor digiti minimi.

Question 8

Which muscle extends the wrist and inserts at the base of the 5th metacarpal?

Answer 8

Extensor carpi ulnaris.

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Which muscle is responsible for supination of the forearm?

Answer 10

Supinator

Question 11

Which muscle abducts the thumb?

Answer 11

Abductor pollicis longus.

Question 12

Which muscle extends the thumb at the interphalangeal joint?

Answer 12

Extensor pollicis longus.

Question 13

Which muscle extends the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Answer 13

Extensor pollicis brevis.

Question 14

Which muscle extends the index finger?

Answer 14

Extensor indicis.

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

What tendons form the boundaries of the anatomical snuff box?

Answer 16

Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB).

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

What 3 muscles make up the mobile wad?

Answer 18

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)
Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)

Question 19

Why are these muscles grouped together as the mobile wad?

Answer 19

Because they move during pronation and supination.

Question 20

How does the function of the mobile wad muscles change?

Answer 20

Their function changes based on position, and some of these extensor/posterior compartment muscles can have minimal flexor activity.

Question 21

What is the function of the extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus?

Answer 21

They are both weak flexors at the elbow joint.

Question 22

What is the specific movement of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?

Answer 22

Moves the arm from ulnar abduction to its mid-position and flexes dorsally.

Question 23

How does the extensor carpi radialis longus function in different arm positions?

Answer 23

It is a weak pronator in the flexed arm.

It acts as a supinator in the outstretched arm.

Question 24

What is the function of brachioradialis?

Answer 24

Brings the forearm into midposition between supination and pronation.

In this position, it acts as a flexor.

In slow movements and a supinated forearm, it has minimal flexor action.

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

Which nerve innervates the posterior forearm muscles?

Answer 26

The radial nerve.

Question 27

Through which compartment does the radial nerve pass at the elbow?

Answer 27

It passes through the anterior compartment.

Question 28

After passing through the elbow, where does the radial nerve travel?

Answer 28

It descends laterally and posteriorly into the posterior forearm.

Question 29

What is the name of the branch of the radial nerve that supplies the posterior forearm?

Answer 29

The posterior interosseous nerve.

Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

What is the name of the anterior forearm compartment?

Answer 31

The flexor-pronator compartment.

Question 32

How does the muscle mass of the anterior forearm compare to the posterior forearm?

Answer 32

The anterior forearm contains a larger muscle mass than the posterior forearm.

Question 33

What are the two layers of muscles in the anterior forearm?

Answer 33

A superficial layer and a deep layer.

Question 34

What key type of muscles does the anterior forearm contain?

Answer 34

Extrinsic muscles that flex the wrist and digits.

Question 35

What is the primary nerve innervation of the anterior forearm?

Answer 35

Median nerve (largely), with some contribution from the ulnar nerve.

Question 36

What are the main arteries supplying the anterior forearm?

Answer 36

The ulnar artery and the radial artery.

Question 37

What type of muscles are the forearm flexors?

Answer 37

The forearm flexors are extrinsic muscles of the hand.

Question 38

Where do most forearm flexor muscles arise from?

Answer 38

The medial epicondyle of the humerus.

Question 39

Name the 5 major forearm flexor muscles.

Answer 39

Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 40

Which 3 forearm flexor tendons are visible in the forearm?

Answer 40

Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)

Question 41

What percentage of the population lacks the palmaris longus muscle?

Answer 41

About 14% of the population.

Question 42

Answer 42

Question 43

How are the flexor muscles of the forearm categorized?

Answer 43

They are divided into two compartments: Superficial layer (5 muscles) Deep layer (3 muscles)

Question 44

no clue what to do with this slide

Question 45

Where is the median nerve located in the forearm?

Answer 45

It lies between the palmaris longus and the flexor carpi radialis (to the ulnar side of the FCR).

Question 46

How can you locate the ulnar nerve and artery in the forearm?

Answer 46

Use the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) as a landmark—both the ulnar nerve and artery lie to the radial side of the FCU.

Question 47

What is the flexor retinaculum, and what does it form?

Answer 47

The flexor retinaculum, together with the carpal bones, forms the carpal tunnel.

Question 48

What 3 structures pass through the carpal tunnel?

Answer 48

Median nerve Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 49

How does the ulnar nerve enter the hand?

Answer 49

The ulnar nerve passes between the hook of the hamate bone and the pisiform bone via the Guyon canal.

Question 50

Where can you palpate the radial artery pulse?

Answer 50

The radial artery pulse can be felt in the distal forearm, near the wrist.

Question 51

need to know this slide too?

Question 52

what are the three deep muscles of the anterior flexor compartment?

Answer 52

Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) Pronator quadratus

Question 53

Which nerve runs alongside the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)?

Answer 53

The ulnar nerve.

Question 54

What is the wrist joint also known as?

Answer 54

The radiocarpal joint

Question 55

What does the wrist (radiocarpal) joint connect?

Answer 55

The wrist (carpus) with the forearm

Question 56

What are the two main bones of the forearm involved in the wrist joint?

Answer 56

ulna and radius

Question 57

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Question 63

What are the two main movements of the wrist

Answer 63

Flexion and Extension

Question 64

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Question 66

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Question 67

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Question 68

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Question 69

What are the two movements of the wrist

Answer 69

Adduction and Abduction (also called ulnar deviation and radial deviation)

Question 70

What is another term for radial abduction and ulnar adduction?

Answer 70

Radial deviation and ulnar deviation

Question 71

Which movement is greater: adduction or abduction?

Answer 71

Adduction is greater than abduction

Question 72

What limits abduction of the wrist?

Answer 72

The radial styloid process

Question 73

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Question 78

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Question 79

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Question 80

What is circumduction?

Answer 80

Circumduction is a movement that consists of successive flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction.

Question 81

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Question 91

Which bones form the articulation of the wrist joint?

Answer 91

The articulation is between the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones: scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum. The ulna is not involved.

Question 92

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Question 95

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Question 96

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Question 97

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Question 98

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Question 99

What muscles primarily produce wrist movement?

Answer 99

The "carpi" muscles of the forearm.

Question 100

Where do the tendons of the wrist muscles attach?

Answer 100

They extend along the four corners of the wrist and attach to the base of the metacarpals.

Question 101

Which muscles are responsible for wrist flexion?

Answer 101

Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) Some contribution from palmaris longus and abductor pollicis longus

Question 102

Which muscles are responsible for wrist extension?

Answer 102

Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)

Question 103

Which muscles are responsible for wrist abduction (radial deviation)?

Answer 103

Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and brevis (ECRB)

Question 104

Which muscles are responsible for wrist adduction (ulnar deviation)?

Answer 104

Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)

Question 105

Which muscles' tendons pass through the carpal tunnel?

Answer 105

Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) - 4 tendons Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) - 4 tendons Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) - 1 tendon

Question 106

What is a Colles’ fracture?

Answer 106

A fracture of the distal end of the radius, typically a complete transverse fracture, caused by falling on an outstretched hand (FOOSH injury).

Question 107

What type of deformity is associated with a Colles’ fracture?

Answer 107

Dinner fork deformity, characterized by dorsal angulation and impaction of the distal radius.

Question 108

What additional bone injury is often seen in Colles’ fracture?

Answer 108

Fracture of the ulnar styloid process.

Question 109

What is the common cause of a Colles’ fracture?

Answer 109

Falling on an outstretched hand

Question 110

What is the most frequently fractured carpal bone?

Answer 110

The scaphoid bone.

Question 111

What is the common cause of a scaphoid fracture?

Answer 111

falling on palm

Question 112

Where does a scaphoid fracture most commonly occur?

Answer 112

At the narrow part (waist) of the scaphoid bone.

Question 113

Why can a scaphoid fracture be easily missed on an X-ray?

Answer 113

It may be misdiagnosed as a sprained wrist and can become more visible later due to bone resorption.

Question 114

What artery supplies blood to the scaphoid bone?

Answer 114

The radial artery.

Question 115

What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)?

Answer 115

A condition caused by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel, leading to sensory and motor dysfunction in the hand.

Question 116

What 3 things commonly causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 116

Inflammation of synovial sheaths Increased size of structures passing through the tunnel Reduction in the size of the carpal tunnel

Question 117

What are the 3 symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 117

tingling, numbness, or absence of sensation in the lateral three and a half fingers Weakness of the thumb, especially in abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and opponens pollicis Thenar muscle atrophy, leading to a Simian hand deformity

Question 118

What is the treatment for severe carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 118

Carpal tunnel release surgery, which involves surgical division of the flexor retinaculum to relieve pressure on the median nerve.

Question 119

Why is the surgical incision made toward the medial side in carpal tunnel release?

Answer 119

To avoid injury to the recurrent branch of the median nerve, which supplies the thenar muscles.