Forebrain

Question 1

What does the forebrain constitute of?

Answer 1

Diencephalon and telencephalon

Question 2

What are the subdivisions of the diencephalon?

Answer 2

Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus (with pineal gland and habenula)

Question 3

Describe the structures of the ventral surface of the diencephalon.

Answer 3

Optic nerve, optic chiasm, pituitary stalk, mammillary bodies

Question 4

What is the largest part of the diencephalon?

Answer 4

The thalamus (gray metter)

Question 5

What structure is the thalamus part of forming?

Answer 5

The lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

Question 6

True or false: the thalamus consists of one big nuclus.

Answer 6

False: is divided into seperate groups of nuclei, e.g., medial, anterior, lateral and metathalamus

Question 7

What does the internal capsule cover, and what is it?

Answer 7

White matter.
anterior limb, genu and posterior limb

Question 8

What are the corona radiata, and where is it located?

Answer 8

Thalamo-cortical fibers, located superior to the internal capsule

Question 9

Where is the internal capsule located?

Answer 9

Surrounding the thalamus.

Question 10

Which is the most caudal: the epi- or the hypothalamus?

Answer 10

Epithalamus

Question 11

Describe the subdivisions of the hypothalamus.

Answer 11

From most rostral to most caudal: Supraoptic area, tuberal area and mammillary area

Question 12

How would you identify a coronal section of the supraoptic area compared to the tuberal?

Answer 12

By the optic chiasm under the third ventricle

Question 13

What are the functions of the nucleus paraventricularis?

Answer 13

Endocrine and autonomic

Question 14

What are the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Answer 14

Circadian rhythm

Question 15

What are the function of the supraoptic nucleus?

Answer 15

endocrine

Question 16

Where are the hormones produced by hypothalamic neurons transported to?

Answer 16

The pituitary

Question 17

Where does the hypothalamus get input from?

Answer 17

Sensort input from inner organs, the retina (circadian rhythm), the limbic system

Question 18

Where does the hypothalamus signal to?

Answer 18

The limbic system, the autonomic nervous system, and the pituitary

Question 19

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 19

Produce melatonin during nighttime

Question 20

What is the pineal gland part of?

Answer 20

The epithalamus

Question 21

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 21

The superficial part of the telencephalon

Question 22

What are the subdivisions of the telencephalon?

Answer 22

The basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex

Question 23

How many lobes are the hemipheres divided into?

Answer 23

4: the parietal-, frontal-, temporal- and the occipital lobe

Question 24

What are the gyrus located above the corpus callosum called?

Answer 24

cingulate gyrus

Question 25

What are the three motor areas of the frontal lobe?

Answer 25

Prefrontal cortex, promotor- and primary motor cortex

Question 26

What are the three sensory areas of the cerebral cortex, and where are they located?

Answer 26

Somatosensory- (parietal), primary auditory- (temporal) and primary visual cortex (occiptal)

Question 27

How many layers does most parts of the cerebral cortex contain (the neocortex)?

Answer 27

6

Question 28

What is the insula?

Answer 28

A cortical area deep in the lateral sulcus

Question 29

What is the hippocampus?

Answer 29

A small allocortical part of the cerebral cortex

Question 30

What shape does the hippocampus resemble?

Answer 30

A seahorse

Question 31

Which ventricle are located above the hippocampus?

Answer 31

The lateral ventricle

Question 32

Where are the human hippocampus located, and where are the rat hippocampus located?

Answer 32

Human: Ventral part of the telencephalon Rat: More dorsal part of the telencephalon

Question 33

What are some of the connections of the hippocampus?

Answer 33

Basal ganglia (through fornix), mammillary body

Question 34

Where is the fornix located, and what is it shaped like?

Answer 34

Above the thalamus, shaped like a C

Question 35

What are the olfactory bulbs a part of?

Answer 35

The cerebral cortex

Question 36

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 36

Large nuclei deep in the telencephalon

Question 37

Describe the classical subdivision of the BG.

Answer 37

Striatum: caudate nucleus + putaman Lentiform nucleus: putaman + globus pallidus

Question 38

What does the classical BG control?

Answer 38

Complex motor functions

Question 39

Describe the classical BG pathway of complex motor functions.

Answer 39

Motor cortex --> striatum --> globus pallidus --> thalamus --> motor cortex --> corticospinal tract --> spinal cord

Question 40

Where is the amygdala located?

Answer 40

Rostral to the hippocampus

Question 41

Describe the basal forebrain.

Answer 41

Nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis and septal nuclei

Question 42

Describe the limbic forebrain.

Answer 42

Hippocampus, fornix, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala