Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro > Forebrain and Brainstem Disease > Flashcards

Forebrain and Brainstem Disease Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the proper name for the cerebral cortex?

A

telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the proper name for the region of the brain that the Thalamus is a part of?

A

Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

The cerebrum and thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Olfactory lobes

Frontal lobes

Parietal lobes

Temporal lobes

Occipital lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the olfactory lobe do?

A

perception of smell

Limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Auditory area

Vestibular conscious perception

Pyriform lobe forms part of the olfactor and limbic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Mainly motor

Corticospinal and Corticonuclear tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Mostly sensory, some motor areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Visual conscious perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the path travelled in sight?

A

Optic nerve

Optic chiasm

Optic tract

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the route of the menace response? (after the occipital lobe)

A

association fibres to Motor cortex, projection fibres to cerebellar cortex via transverse fibers of the pons, efferent cerebellar fibres to facial nuclei, facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When might you not see the menace reponse (other than defect in the pathway)

A

Young animals less than 12 weeks

Stressed patients

Lethargic patients

Disorientated patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is it normal to have behavioural changes in an animal with forebrain disease?

A

Can be yes,

Altered behaviour=thalamus

May be depressed, confused, stupor, coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Can you get seizures assoicated with forebrain disease?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is hemi neglect syndrome?

A

When the animal doesn’t perceive some areas of space e.g. may only go for half of their food bowl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What gait changes might be observed with forebrain disease?

A

May be normal,.

May head press, circle, pace

Proprioceptive ataxia and tetraparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Do forebrain lesion animals head turn/circle towards or away from the lesion?

A

towards the lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does pleurothotanous mean?

A

Head turn with associated body turn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Decreased postural reactions are associated with forebrain disease on the ****lateral side

A

contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Decreased facial sensitisation is associated with forebrain disease on the ****lateral side

A

contra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which nerve mainly provides sensation to the face?

A

Trigeminal, all 3 branches (opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spinal reflexes in an animal with forrebrain disease should be *****

A

normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the proper name for

a) Midbrain
b) pons
c) medulla oblongata

A

a) mesencephalon
b) metencephalon
c) myelencephalon

S, T, Y like the order in the alphabet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the metencephalon and myelencephalon in combination sometimes called?
Rhombencephalon
26
If a cranial nerve has autonomic actiom will it be sympathetic or parasympathetic?
ALWAYS parasympathetic
27
Which part of the brain is the reticular formation found in?
Meshwork of cells throughout the midbrain
28
What is the ARAS?
Ascending Reticular Activating System It activates the cerebral cortex and keeps us awake Hence you will have a comatose state if you have a severe diffuse brain stem problem
29
What is the red nucleus?
Where the fibres cross over in the mesencephalon
30
Paw placement deficits with rostral midbrain lesions will be contralateral or ipsilateral?
Contralateral. Cross over at the red nucleus
31
What is this posture?
Decerebrate Extension of all the limbs and stuporous mental status
32
What is this posture called?
Decerebellate Problem is in the cerebellum, will be conscious Hind limbs may be flexed
33
What is the role of the Oculomotor nerve?
Motor to the extraocular muscles Parasymapthetic to the sphincter pupillary muscles (cause pupil constriction) Levator palpebrae superioris
34
Which extraocular muscles are innervated by the occulomotor?
dorsal, ventral, medial rectus, ventral oblique
35
What is the pathway of the PLR?
Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract Pretectal nucleus (in thalamus) Occulomotor nucleus (in midbrain) Oculomotor nerve Ciliary ganglion Short ciliary nerve
36
What percentage decussation is there at the optic chiasmin dogs and cats?
cats 66% dogs 75%
37
What are the names of the two constrictor fibres of the pupil in the cat's eye?
nasal and malar
38
What happens to the pupil if the oculomotor doesn't work?
Dilation of pupil (in cats will look like a D or reverse D depending if nasal or malar is affected
39
What should you always check for in a cat if you see a D or reverse D shaped pupil?
FeLV associated lymphosarcoma (it really likes the short ciliary nerves)
40
What part of their pathways do vision and PLR share?
Optic nerve, optic chiasm and a little bit of the optic tract
41
If an animal has blindness and an absent PLR the lesion must be..
In the optic nerve, chiasm or first bit of the optic tract
42
What nerves are found in the pons?
trigeminal
43
What does the trochlear nerve do?
Just innervates the dorsal oblique! It is the only nerve that arises dorsally on the brainstem, AND the only one that innervates something on the opposite side of the brain to itself; hence remember dorsal and oblique parts
44
45
What will the eyes look like if the trochlear nerve doesn't work?
Eye rotate, can only see in cat
46
How might you be able to notice eye rotation due to trochlear nerve dysfunction in a dog?
The optic disc and three prong blood vessels might be rotated
47
What is the tectotegmental spinal tract?
Originates in the midbrain, responsible for sympathetic innervation to the eye i.e. pupil response to emotional factors.. fear = pupils dilate
48
What syndrome would damage to the tectotegmentalspinal tract give you?
HORNERS
49
What is the first neuron of the three neurons in the sympathetic route to the eye?
tectotegmental spinal tract
50
Where to the sympathetic fibres to the eye exit the CNS?
T1-T3 All sympathetic fibres exit in thoracolumbar region
51
What is the second neuron of the three neurons in the sympathetic route to the eye?
Cranial cervical ganglion (v close to middle ear)
52
If an animal has first order Horners syndrome would you expect it to have other signs?
Yes! If it has a lesion in its midbrain or deep enough in the spine to reach the TTS tract it will not be in a good way..
53
Which order Horners syndrome might you suspect if the animal also has a forelimb lameness?
2nd order, may be a brachial plexus injury affecting the craniocervical ganglion
54
Which order of horner's syndrome might you suspect if you also had any of the following: Middle ear disease Facial paralysis Vestibular dysfunction
55
A lesion in the pons would give you \*\*\*\* paw position deficits
ipsilateral, the pons is before the cross over point
56
What are the three branches of the trigeminal?
Occipital Maxillary Mandibular
57
Which branch of V is motor?
Mandibular branch (muscles of mastication)
58
What nerve might be implicated in an animal with a non sensitive non healing corneal ulcer?
occipital branch of trigeminal. May also see lack of sensation in ipsilateral nostril
59
What are the four muscles of mastication?
Temporal Masseter Digastricus Pterygoid
60
What is the (neurological) cause of drop jaw?
Bilateral mandibular branch problem
61
Why might dogs with dropjaw also have horners?
When the 3rd neuron goes back into the skull it travels very near the mandibular branch of trigeminal, may be secondarily affected
62
What are the non neurological causes of drop jaw?
Bilateral luxation of TMJ Mandibular fracture Oral foreign body - can't close mouth
63
What are the neurological causes of drop jaw?
Inflammatory/Infectious Toxic-Botulism Trauma (carrying large/heavy objects around) Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy Neoplasia
64
How do you treat idiopathic dropped jaw?
Physiotherapy, gets better in time Elastic band around mouth when eating Feed in ball handfulls
65
What nerves are in the medulla oblongata?
6-12
66
If you have a diffuse lesion in the medulla oblongata which side would you expect paw placement abnormalities to be on?
Ipsilateral as is before cross over
67
What part of the brain might be injured if you had signs of respiratory difficulty?
Medulla oblongata (respiratory centre) May need to be on a ventilator as can't use respiratory muscles
68
Which muscles does the abdcens innervate?
lateral rectus retractor bulbi
69
What kind of strabismus will you see if you have a problem with the abducens?
medial
70
What does the facial nerve do?
Motor to the muscles of facial expression parasympathetic to lacrimal and salivary glands
71
Why do you sometimes have vestibular and cochlear signs together?
The vestibulocochlear and facial nerve run very close to each other Pic shows both together, droopy and head tilt
72
73
How is the facial nerve involved in the menace response?
It is the motor part of the menace
74
What are the possible causes of facial neuropathy?
Infection of the middle ear/inner ear trauma Neoplasia Polyneuropathy (hypothyroidism in dogs) Idiopathic (lots of them!)
75
Why might you see KCS in animals with facial nerve damage?
facial nerve parassympathetic to lacrimal glands
76
Where abouts would you expect to find a lesion in an alert and awake animal with a head tilt AND facial nerve signs - droopiness, KCS, dry nose etc?
Not in the medulla oblongata as would be stuperous, just where the nerves leave the medulla oblongata around the region of the inner ear
77
Which nerves come from the nucleus ambiguus?
Glossopharyngeal, Vagus and Hypoglossal
78
Which nerves does the gag reflex test?
IX and X
79
What is the role of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Motor to the pharynx and palatine structures Sensory to caudal 1/3rd of tongue Parasymp to salivary glands
80
What does the vagus nerve do?
Motor to the larynx (recurrent laryngeal nerve), pharynx and oesophagus Sensory to larnx, pharyn, thoracic and abdominal viscera Parasympathetic to abdominal and thoracic viscera
81
What is the hypoglossal nerve motor to?
muscles of the tongue
82
83
Why do cranial cervical lesions sometimes affect the hypoglossal?
Because the hypoglossal is so caudal in the medulla oblongata

Neuro (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions