Forebrain & Limbic System

Question 1

Parts of Diencephalon

Answer 1

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

Question 2

Parts of limbic system

Answer 2

Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala

Question 3

Gateway to the cortex

Answer 3

Thalamus

Question 4

Anterior division of thalamic nuclei

Answer 4

Anterior Nucleus (AN)

Question 5

Medial division of thalamic nuclei

Answer 5

Dorsomedial (DM) aka Medial Dorsal (MD)

Question 6

Lateral division of thalamic nuclei

Answer 6

Dorsal tier: Lateral Dorsal (LD), Lateral Posterior (LP), Pulvinar

Ventral tier: Ventral Anterior (VA), Ventral Lateral (VL), Ventral Posterior Lateral (VPL) and medial (VPM), Medial and Lateral Geniculates (MGN, LGN)

Question 7

Intralaminar division of thalamic nuclei

Answer 7

Centromedian

Parafascicular

Question 8

Other division of thalamic nuclei

Answer 8

Reticular nucleus and midline nuclei

Question 9

All thalamic nuclei consist of?

What’s the exception?

Answer 9

All consist of: Projection neurons (provide output from thalamus) and interneurons (inhibitory)

Exception: Reticular Nucleus

Question 10

3 Categories of Thalamic Nuclei

Answer 10

Based on patterns of outputs and specific inputs

1. Relay Nuclei
2. Association Nuclei
3. Intralaminar & Midline Nuclei

Question 11

Receive well defined specific input from a subcortical source and project to a well-defined area of cortex

Answer 11

Relay Nuclei

Question 12

Receive specific inputs from association cortex

Answer 12

Association nuclei (ex: prefrontal cortex and project back)

Question 13

Recieve distinct set of specific inputs (Basal ganglia, limbic structures and project to corex, basal ganglia and limbic structures

Answer 13

Intralaminar and midline nuclei

Question 14

Important source of regulatory input to thalamus with no projections to cortex

Answer 14

Reticular Nucleus

Question 15

Input and output of Reticular Nucleus

Answer 15

Input: Cortex and Thalamus
Output: Inhibitory axons to Thalamus

Question 16

Sensory Relay Nuclei

Answer 16

VPL and VPM

Question 17

Motor Relay Nuclei

Answer 17

VA and VL

Question 18

Limbic Relay Nuclei

Answer 18

Anterior and LD

Question 19

Main Association Nuclei of Thalamus

Answer 19

DM and Pulvinar

Question 20

Prefrontal association nuclei

Answer 20

DM

*foresight and affect

Question 21

Parietal-occipital-temporal association nuclei

Answer 21

Pulvinar-LP complex

*Function largely unknow, may be involved in visual perception or attention

Question 22

What fibers pass through internal capsule (IC)?

Answer 22

Thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers

Almost all fibers going to and from the cortex

Collects and forms cerebral peduncle down which corticopontine, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers descend

Question 23

5 parts of internal capsule

Answer 23

• *Based on relationship to lenticular nucleus**
  1. Anterior limb
  2. Posterior limb
  3. Genu
  4: Retrolenticular
  5. Sublenticular

Question 24

Critical in autonomic, endocrine, emotional and somatic functions; maintains physiological range

Answer 24

Hypothalamus

Question 25

3 main types of connections in hypothalamus

Answer 25

1. Interconnected with limbic system 2. Output to pituitary 3. Interconnects visceral/ somatic nuclei

Question 26

Autonomics of Hypothalamus 1. Anterior Hypothal 2. Posterior Hypothal

Answer 26

1. Stimulation of anterior produces parasympathetic effects * slow HR, constrict pupil, peristalsis, salivation 2. Stimulation of posterior produces sympathetic effects * increases HR and BP, dilate pupils

Question 27

Hypothalamic Inputs (2 general areas)

Answer 27

1. Parts of the forebrain, especially limbic system * autonomic/somatic aspects of emotional states 2. Brainstem and Spinal Cord * Concey Visceral and sensory info

Question 28

Limbic System bridges...

Answer 28

autonomic/ voluntary responses to environmental changes

Question 29

Amygdala is responsible for...

Answer 29

Emotional responses

Question 30

Hippocampus is resposible for...

Answer 30

learning and memory

Question 31

3 distinct zones of hippocampus

Answer 31

1. Dentate Gyrus 2. Hippocampus Proper (Cornu Ammonis) 3. Subiculum (transition between hippocampus froper and parahippocampal cortex)

Question 32

Left anterior hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functions

Answer 32

encode novel material involving language

Question 33

Right hippocampus and inferior parietal lobe function

Answer 33

engaged in spatial tasks like driving a car

Question 34

Left anterior hippocampus is more active when...

Answer 34

material is new | *as repetition makes material more familiar, activity shifts posteriorly

Question 35

3 nuclear groups of amygdala and their pathways/ functions

Answer 35

1. medial= olfaction 2. Central= hypothalamus, PAG; emotional responses 3. Basolateral= cortex, central nuclei; emotional responses