foreign exchange Flashcards
(36 cards)
what is an exchange rate?
the value of 1 currency in the terms of another
when the value of an exchange rate is set by the govt or central bank it is called?
Fixed exchange rate
in relation to fixed exchange rates, what happens if demand & supply are not balanced?
the government has to use reserves if demand for foreign currency is greater than supply
what are floating exchange rates?
• when Exchange rates set by market forces= supply & demand
spot market
– for currency deals for immediate delivery/instruments
with maturity date within 2 business days after transaction
forwards & forward swaps
involves future delivery of currency at
specified future date (forward- any future date, more than two days)
What is Herstatt risk?
Is the risk that one party will fail to deliver terms of the contract at time of settlement, due to timing issues e.g different time zones, so banks are open at different times
what is SF/NZD asking?
the price of SF1, in terms of NZD
what is NZD/USD asking?
the price of NZD1 in terms of USD
the buying price is called?
the bid price
the selling price is called?
offer price
what is the commodity currency usually expressed as?
the one that is expressed as 1 e.g. 1 NZD, 1USD, 1 ringgit
what is the term currency
Is the currency that doesn’t have the 1 in it & varies in price
What is a direct quote?
- local currency price of 1 unit of USD
- USD is base currency and for example NZD is term currency
- e.g. in NZ, direct quote is USD/ $NZ = 1.2821 for NZD/USD 0.78
what is a indirect quote?
- Where the USD is the terms currency & the other currency (say NZD) =base currency
- e.g. NZ$1 = USD$ 0.8207 (direct quote is 1USD = 1.2185 NZD)
what is a cross rate?
A FX rate between two currencies
derived via a third
What direction does the demand and supply curve slope?
Demand- Down
Supply- Up
If NZ & US had low inflation rates and then US had a substantial and long increase in inflation what occurs
- price of US goods increases
- NZ demand for US goods decreases
- reduction in NZ demand for USD
(same as reduction in supply of NZD - S1)
What is the purchasing power parity?
• Asserts that if the product is the same across all countries e.g.
Big Mac, then so should be its price (once currency changed
into foreign at the prevailing rate)
If PPP hols what happens to the currency of a country if it has high or low inflation?
a country with high inflation will tend to depreciate relative to
countries with low inflation.
So high inflation depreciating currency
Relationship between interest rates between countries known
as?
interest rate parity
What happens if NZ interest rates rise compered to AUS that stay the same?
– Australians would put some money in
accounts in NZ to earn higher interest
– Increase in demand for NZD by Australians & at same time
New Zealanders keep investments in NZ
– So reduction of supply of NZD in FX market
– Overall, increase in interest rate causes
appreciation of NZD
The currency of the nation with _____ interest rates normally
sells at a forward _____ in terms of currency of nation with
lower interest rates.
& currency of nation with relatively _____ interest rates
normally sells at _____ forward relative to high rate country.
- Higher
- Discount
- Lower
- Premium
The different effect an increase in interest rates due to inflation has on currency compered to an increase due to real rate of interest
– If increase in interest rates due to inflation expectations increase, then, all
else being constant, currency will depreciate
– If increase in interest rates due to increase in real rate of interest,
then, all else being constant, currency will appreciate
