Foreign Policy Flashcards
What was the Treaty of Bruges, 1521?
-Wolsey agreed with the empires to invade France unless France made peace with Charles.
-England was forced to send an army to France in 1523, however Charles soon abandoned his ally as he was concerned with capturing Milan
Second French War, 1523-1524
As a result of the failure of the treaty of Bruges, England was forced to send an army to France. The English army returned home in disarray. Henry had not only spent £400,000 on the venture but any prestige he had gained as a peacemaker had been lost.
Battle of Pavia, 1525
-Charles had captured not only Milan but Francis pope aswell
-Henry saw this as an ideal time to try and reclaim the French throne. Wolsey was instructed to raise the required funds but heavy taxation in the previous campaigns meant he was unable to do so
-Charles also refused to attack France and annulled the marriage between himself and Henry’s daughter Mary as he no longer needed English support
Amicable grant, 1525
- A non parliamentary tax designed to support Henry’s campaigns in France
- Two previous loans were being repaid to the clergy and the subsidy of 1523 was still being collected
- It ultimately resulted in the uprising of 10,000 men in Lavenham, Henry was forced to intervene, cancel the grant and claim he had known nothing of it with all the blame on Wolsey.
The Treaty of the More, 1525
- A treaty of friendship with France
- Wolsey now pursued an anti imperial alliance
- The Treaty of the More, signed on August 30, 1525, was an agreement between England and France during the French captivity of King Francis I. England, represented by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, negotiated the treaty with Louise of Savoy, who was acting as regent of France. The agreement involved England relinquishing some territorial claims on France in exchange for a substantial annual pension and back payments due to Henry VIII’s sister, Mary, who was dowager queen of France. England also agreed to mediate for the release of King Francis I, who was held captive
in Spain - However this failed of its goals and ultimately damaged Englands foreign policy.
League of Cognac, 1526
- An anti imperial alliance in Northern Italy
- It was an attempt to reverse the French defeat in Pavia and England joined the League as a protector
Anglo French treaty of Westminster, 1527
- This further strengthened the alliance between England and France
- It was an alliance between England and France, brokered by Cardinal Wolsey, during the War of the League of Cognac. It aimed for “eternal peace” and included provisions for the marriage of Princess Mary to the future King Henry II of France.
Treaty of Amiens, 1527
-Followed the Treaty of Westminster
- An Anglo French agreement to attack Charles
Declaration of war against Spain, 1528
- No army was raised
- A separate agreement was made to protect English trade in the Netherlands
Treaty of Cambrai, 1539
- Peace agreement between Charles and Francis
- England only decided to join at the last minute
What was Henry’s attitude to forgoing policy at the begginning of his reign?
Henry VIII opened a new phase of foreign policy. He began as a confident teenager. He had come to the throne peacefully with money in the royal treasury. He was keen to establish his presence in international affairs, his idol was Henry V who had defeated the French at Agincourt. He wanted to claim land in France but also create strong links with Burgundy because of the English cloth trade.
What was the Holy league and when was it?
Henry was drawn into the Holy league November 1511. Henry agreed to attack south west France with Ferdinand, with the intention of invading France and used the English invasion as a screen, behind which he seized Navarre, before withdrawing and making peace with France.
Henry led an army of 25,000 into Northern France in 1513
Allied to Ferdinand, Maximilian and the Pope, Henry personally led an army of 25,000 into Northern France in 1513. It was all organized by Wolsey and Therouranne and Tournai were captured. He also won the Battle of the Spurs. Henry was happy with this moment of glory. These two towns benefitted Maximilian more than they did Henry, they bordered with Burgundy
Henry’s aims (constantly refer to these in essay) MOST IMPORTANT
