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Foreign Policy Flashcards

(128 cards)

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1
Q

What did Khruschev say about the Americans having more atomic weapons?

A

He wasn’t worried because he believed they only needed to destroy their enemies once.

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2
Q

What are ICBMs?

A

Intercontinental ballistic missiles that travel thousands of miles before hitting their target.

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3
Q

Name two areas of innovation competition key in the Cold War.

A

Arms race and space race.

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4
Q

What year was the first Soviet man-made object put in space?

A

1957.

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5
Q

What was the name of the first Soviet man-made object in space?

A

Sputnik.

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6
Q

What year was the second craft launched that contained animals?

A

1958.

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7
Q

What animal was on the second craft and what was her name?

A

A dog named Laika.

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8
Q

What was the name of the US satellite that blew up after climbing 4 feet?

A

The US Vanguard TV-3.

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9
Q

What nickname did the Vanguard TV-3 receive?

A

Kaputnik.

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10
Q

Who did kaputnik force the US administration to rely more heavily on?

A

Werner von Braun.

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11
Q

By 1953, how many times the power of Hiroshima were hydrogen bombs developed?

A

Seven times.

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12
Q

By 1955, what fraction of US nukes were kept ready to fly at 15 minutes notice?

A

One-third.

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13
Q

How many nukes did the US have in 1957?

A

5,543.

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14
Q

How many nukes did the USSR have in 1957?

A

650.

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15
Q

How many times more nukes did the US have than the USSR?

A

Roughly eight times.

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16
Q

What is the perception that Soviets had to pass the US in the arms race after 1957?

A

The missile gap.

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17
Q

What was the name of the largest nuclear weapon tested in 1961?

A

Tsar Bomba.

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18
Q

What policy did Eisenhower use to increase nuclear weapons and decrease spending on tanks?

A

New Look policy.

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19
Q

What was the New Look policy also known as?

A

More bang for the buck.

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20
Q

What perspective did Dulles have on the communist threat?

A

He believed the US and allies must respond vigorously.

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21
Q

What was the name of the first version of thermonuclear bombs?

A

Ivy Mike.

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22
Q

What was the Truman Doctrine?

A

Support for countries resisting communism.

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23
Q

What did the New Look policy signify about US military forces?

A

Fewer conventional forces and reliance on nuclear weapons.

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24
Q

What is brinkmanship?

A

The idea of overwhelming your enemy with power to control them.

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25
What Truman era document projected the completion of the New Look?
NSC 68.
26
How did conservative dynamism impact Eisenhower's foreign policy?
He aimed to balance the budget while committing to Cold War victory.
27
How did Eisenhower expand the CIA?
He expanded its use and remit.
28
Why were CIA covert actions advantageous?
They were cheaper and beyond Congress's scrutiny.
29
What foreign event impacted Eisenhower's foreign policy?
Decolonization.
30
Why might Ike’s military background make him more hawkish?
Used to using the power of the military
31
Why might Ike’s military background make him more dovish?
Makes his enemies less likely to cross him
32
Why would Ike’s popularity make him more dovish?
Doesn’t have to rely solely on anti communism for popularity
33
How’d McCarthyism impact hawkism/dovism.
During, hawkish
34
How much Stalin's death impact Ike?
A big anti-US figure gone. Things quieten while USSR looks for new leaders. Dovish. Uncertainty=hawkish
35
What did Khrushchev call for in his 1956 secret speech?
Peaceful coexistence. (though he was volatile and unpredictable)
36
Who was Ike’s secretary of State,
John Foster Dulles
37
What foreign policy belief system did Dulles have?
Staunch anticommunism, and advocated ‘massive retaliation’ and brickmanship.
38
What was brickmanship?
Pushing an opponent to the edge in the hope they will concede first.
39
Why might dynamic conservatism make Ike dovish?
Ike wants peace and less military spending on the military budget give an example as a senator who is an old guard Republican who voted against the creation of NAT Taft.
40
How did Eisenhower refer to anti-NATO senators
Blind, stupid, isolationists.
41
What did the Old Guard believe in terms of foreign policy
Opposed foreign aid, NATO and Ike’s Europe first approach
42
How many Republican senators supported the 1953 Bricker amendment?
45 out of 48
43
What was the Booker amendment?
It would have restricted the president's constitutional power to make treaty with foreign nations. It was narrowly defeated thanks the democrats.
44
A: Gary Powers.
45
Q: What did the Eisenhower administration initially claim the U-2 flight was?
46
A: A meteorological (weather) research mission.
47
Q: What did the administration claim when the Soviets revealed they had both the plane and Gary Powers alive?
48
A: They falsely claimed Powers had flown without authorization.
49
Q: Did Eisenhower eventually admit responsibility for the spy flight?
50
A: Yes.
51
Q: Where did Eisenhower meet Khrushchev and get harshly criticized over the U-2 incident?
52
A: The Paris Summit.
53
Q: What did Khrushchev demand from Eisenhower at the summit?
54
A: An apology.
55
Q: What year was the U-2 crisis?
56
A: 1960.
57
Hungary & Cold War Crises
58
Q: What year was there an anti-Soviet revolt in Hungary?
59
A: 1956.
60
Q: How did the Soviets respond?
61
A: They sent in tanks and 250
000 soldiers to crush the uprising.
62
Q: Why did the Hungarians expect U.S. support?
63
A: Because Eisenhower and Dulles had promoted a “rollback” of communism.
64
Q: What country did Eisenhower say Hungary was as inaccessible as?
65
A: Tibet—he called Hungary “landlocked.”
66
Q: What crisis did Eisenhower prioritize over the Hungarian revolt?
67
A: The Suez Crisis in the Middle East.
68
Berlin Crisis
69
Q: Why had the West refused to recognize East Berlin diplomatically?
70
A: They said it lacked legitimacy.
71
Q: Why was West Berlin irritating to Khrushchev?
72
A: It had become a disruptive enclave of capitalism
espionage
73
Q: What year did Khrushchev demand that West Berlin become a "free city"?
74
A: 1958.
75
Q: What did he threaten to do if this demand wasn’t met?
76
A: Turn access routes to Berlin over to the East German government.
77
Q: How did Eisenhower react?
78
A: He did not respond forcefully.
79
Q: What did Democrats and defense leaders accuse Eisenhower of regarding Berlin?
80
A: Not taking the crisis seriously enough.
81
Q: Did Eisenhower believe there was a true Berlin crisis?
82
A: No.
83
Korean War
84
Q: What year did Eisenhower visit Korea?
85
A: 1952.
86
Q: What did he conclude from his visit?
87
A: That the war was at a stalemate and the U.S. should seek an exit.
88
Q: Who disagreed with him?
89
A: John Foster Dulles
Richard Nixon
90
Q: How did Eisenhower pressure China to agree to peace?
91
A: He refused to rule out the use of nuclear weapons.
92
Q: What other factors pushed China to agree to an armistice?
93
A: Exhaustion and fear of losing Soviet support under the new leadership.
94
Vietnam & French Colonialism
95
Q: Who was the Vietnamese nationalist leading the fight against French colonialism?
96
A: Ho Chi Minh.
97
Q: What was Truman’s policy in Vietnam that Eisenhower continued?
98
A: Financial support for the French war effort.
99
Q: What did the French ask from Eisenhower during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954?
100
A: A U.S. airstrike.
101
Q: Why was Eisenhower for U.S. intervention in Vietnam?
102
A: He wanted to preserve the Western alliance and believed Vietnam was vital to U.S. security.
103
Q: Why was Eisenhower against intervention?
104
A: Skepticism about the “domino theory
” fears of escalation
105
Q: Where and when was it agreed that the French would leave Vietnam?
106
A: The 1954 Geneva Accords.
107
Q: What did the Geneva Accords decide?
108
A: Vietnam would be temporarily divided
with elections for reunification scheduled for 1956.
109
Q: How did Eisenhower respond to the accords?
110
A: He refused to sign and created the separate state of South Vietnam.
111
Q: Who became the leader of South Vietnam?
112
A: Ngo Dinh Diem.
113
Q: What organization did Eisenhower help create to defend South Vietnam?
114
A: SEATO – the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
115
Taiwan Strait Crisis
116
Q: Name the two small islands that caused issues for Eisenhower.
117
A: Quemoy and Matsu.
118
Q: Which country controlled the islands?
119
A: Taiwan (Republic of China).
120
Q: What happened in September 1954?
121
A: China bombarded the islands.
122
Q: Who pressured Eisenhower to respond?
123
Q: How did Eisenhower respond?
A: He signed a mutual defense treaty with Taiwan.
124
Q: What topic did Eisenhower remain vague about to get what he wanted?
A: The possible use of atomic weapons.
125
Q: What happened in 1958 during another crisis?
A: China renewed its shelling of the islands.
126
Q: What company did Mossadeigh nationalize?
A: The British-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.
127
Q: What kind of aid did Eisenhower use to win Arab allies?
A: Economic aid.
128
Q: How did Secretary of State Dulles react to neutral Egypt?
A: He withdrew the U.S. offer to help build the Aswan Dam in 1956.

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