Foreign policy Flashcards
(16 cards)
What was England’s key military gain during Henry VIII’s later reign?
Capture of Boulogne in 1544 during the Habsburg-Valois War, showing short-term military strength.
What dynastic alliance did Mary I secure in 1554?
Her marriage to Philip of Spain, linking England to the Habsburg empire and strengthening Catholic ties.
How did England contribute to a major European victory in 1557?
English troops helped Spain defeat France at the Battle of St. Quentin.
Why was England diplomatically unstable under Henry VIII?
Frequent shifts in alliances, e.g. Treaty of Closer Amity (1532) with France, followed by alliance with Charles V in 1543.
How did Charles V betray Henry VIII in 1544?
He abandoned the planned march to Paris and signed a separate peace with France.
How did Henry VIII’s break from Rome in 1534 affect England’s diplomacy?
Increased the risk of a Catholic crusade against England, isolating it from Catholic Europe.
What was the Treaty of Ardres (1546) and what did it achieve?
France agreed to buy back Boulogne after 8 years for £2 million, easing tensions after Henry’s war.
What did the Treaty of Boulogne (1550) accomplish under Edward VI?
England returned Boulogne to France for 400,000 crowns, ending costly conflicts in France and Scotland.
What major foreign policy failure occurred under Mary I in 1558?
Loss of Calais to France, ending over 200 years of English possession and damaging national pride.
What Scottish victory did England achieve in 1542?
Battle of Solway Moss, resulting in the death of James V of Scotland.
What was the Treaty of Greenwich (1543) and why did it fail?
Proposed marriage between Edward VI and Mary Queen of Scots – rejected by Scots, leading to renewed conflict.
What was the significance of the Battle of Pinkie (1547)
Major English victory during the Rough Wooing – showcased military strength but led to no lasting gains.
What costly war did England fight with Scotland between 1543 and 1551?
The Rough Wooing – intended to force a marriage alliance, ultimately failed and drained resources.
Why was Mary I’s marriage to Philip unpopular domestically?
Feared Spanish dominance, dragged England into war with France, contributing to loss of Calais.
How did the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) affect England?
Ended the Habsburg-Valois wars and confirmed France’s retention of Calais, marking a major diplomatic setback for England.
What overall conclusion can be drawn about English foreign policy from 1529–1558?
It was largely unsuccessful—marked by costly wars, failed alliances, and symbolic losses like Calais, despite occasional short-term victories.
