Foreign Policy (Italy/France)

Question 1

Milan

Answer 1

• substantial production of armaments and recruitment of troops, particularly within Lombardy. The tercios of Lombardy, Naples and Sicily formed the core of Alba’s army in the Netherlands in the 1560s/70s.
• strategically significant: provided a link between the Mediterranean and northern Europe: ‘the Spanish Road’.
• Philip advised governors of Milan to respect the Senate (supreme court of law) and this was overwhelmingly successful in avoiding political tensions.

Question 2

Naples

Answer 2

• significant in the struggle against the Ottomans given its geographical location.
• not a lot of resistance against Spanish rule: the 1585 riots over bread prices were unusual. The viceroy was firm in his response (20 executed, 300 exiled) to avoid the spread of rebellion.
• stability was ensured as the Neapolitans were conscious of the immediacy of the Ottomans: the nobles were on Philip’s side and would support royal garrisons with their own militia if need be.

Question 3

bread revolt

Answer 3

1585, naples. Duke of Osuna executed 20 rebels and 300 were sent into exile.

Question 4

Sicily

Answer 4

• essential as well because of its proximity to the Ottomans.
• harder to control - Sicilian parliament more resistant: Philip sought to reform the Great Court of Sicily and employed Spanish jurists - strengthened their position.

Question 5

Importance of southern Italian states?

Answer 5

They represented a frontline struggle with the Ottomans and naval expeditions were often launched from Messina.

Question 6

Importance of the treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis in Italy?

Answer 6

1559: the French king renounced all territorial claims in Italy; restoration of Savoy, Piedmont, Corsic to their original leaders, who were also allied with the Habsburgs: Spain emerged as the undisputed master of the Italian Peninsula.

Question 7

When was the Council for Italy added to the conciliar system?

Answer 7

1555

Question 8

Name a secretary on the Council for Italy.

Answer 8

Diego Vargas and Gabriel de Zayas

Question 9

Viceroy of Naples 1571 - 1575?

Answer 9

Granvelle

Question 10

Governor of Milan until 1573?

Answer 10

Requesens

Question 11

Name an Italian representative.

Answer 11

Duke of Savoy, Ferrante Gonzaga and Andrea Doria

Question 12

What did Philip’s appointment of these officials in Italy highlight?

Answer 12

The importance of Italy - it was surrounded by the Ottoman empire so it is not surprising that Philip was so concerned with the his Italian territories.

Question 13

Battle of St Quentin

Answer 13

1557

Question 14

When did the French besiege Calais?

Answer 14

1558

Question 15

When was the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis and what did it allow the French to do?

Answer 15

1559 - consolidate their boarders

Question 16

Princes of Blood

Answer 16

Bourbons

Question 17

Death of Henry II

Answer 17

1559 in a jousting competition

Question 18

Who succeeded Henry II? Who was he dominated by?

Answer 18

Francis Valois - dominated by the Guise family as they were related to his wife, Mary Queen of Scots

Question 19

Death of Francis

Answer 19

1560

Question 20

Death of Henry III

Answer 20

1589 - murdered by Jacques Clément

Question 21

What was Henry of Navarre?

Answer 21

A Huguenot

Question 22

Conspiracy of Amboise

Answer 22

A Calvinist attempt to take possession of Francis and ‘save’ him from the Guises

Question 23

Colloquy of Poissy

Answer 23

1561 - religious conference which took place in Poissy that attempted to reconcile the Huguenots and Catholics

Question 24

Battle of Arques

Answer 24

1589 - henry iv won

Question 25

Battle of Irvy

Answer 25

1590 - henry iv won

Question 26

Who was Coligny and when was he assassinated? What did this end?

Answer 26

Calvinist admiral - 1572. Brought his plan to have a joint French catholic and Calvinist attack on the Spanish to an end.

Question 27

Who died in 1584 and what did this mean?

Answer 27

Duke of Alencon - the practising Calvinist Henry of Navarre was now heir to the French throne.

Question 28

When was the French Catholic League formed?

Answer 28

1584

Question 29

Treaty of Joinville

Answer 29

1584 between the French Catholic League and Spain. Philip agreed to give a monthly subsidy of 50 000 ecus in exchange for the league promising to remain neutral in the event of a anglo-spanish war.

Question 30

Parma's expeditions in France

Answer 30

1590 and 1592

Question 31

When did Henry convert to catholicism?

Answer 31

1593

Question 32

Who did Philip try to promote to the French throne?

Answer 32

His daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia, capitalising off of her links to the Valois dynasty

Question 33

When did Henry regain Paris?

Answer 33

1594

Question 34

When did the Spanish gain Calais? Amiens?

Answer 34

1595 and 1597

Question 35

What did Spain lose in 1596?

Answer 35

Gains in the south like Marseilles

Question 36

What did Elizabeth I do in 1596?

Answer 36

Signed a treaty with France, granting him a loan and a force of 2000 men

Question 37

Triple Alliance

Answer 37

1596 between England, France and the Netherlands

Question 38

Treaty of Vervins

Answer 38

1598 - reinstated the terms of the peace of cateau cambresis and Spain forced to give up any gains since 1559 such as Calais.

Question 39

St. Bartholomeu's Day Massacre

Answer 39

1572 - 3000 Huguenots massacred in Paris