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Forensic Flashcards

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1
Q

The larger the aperture the less depth the field.
For maximum depth of field use the smallest aperture

A

Aperture

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2
Q

The closer the subject you focus on the less depth of field depth of field is greater with distance subject

A

Focused subject

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3
Q

The longer the lens you use the last depth of field you will have. Wide angle lenses give you the greatest depth of field

A

Focal length

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4
Q

A suspension of a sensitive silver salt or a mixture of silver halides in a viscous medium forming a coating on a photographic plates film or paper

A

Emulsion

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5
Q

A layer found in a modern photographic films it is placed between the light sensitive emulsion and the tough film base or sometimes on the back of the film base

A

Gray or anti-halation backing

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6
Q

A transparent substrate which acts as a support medium for the photosensitive emulsion that lies atop it

A

Film base

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7
Q

Three major type of film base in use

A

Cellulose nitrate
cellulose acetate
polyethylene threptalate polyester

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8
Q

Characteristic of b&w films

A

Emotion speed
Spectral sensitivity
Granularity or graininess

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9
Q

Express in arithmetical value

A

ASA (american standards association)

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10
Q

Expressed in logarithmic value

A

DIN ( DEOTCHE INDUSTRIE NORMEN)

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11
Q

Expressed in the combined arithmetical and logarithmic values

A

ISO ( international standards organization)

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12
Q

Sensitive to uv rays and blue color only

A

Blue sensitive film

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13
Q

Sensitive to uv rays to blue and green color it is not sensitive to red color

A

Orthochromatic film

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14
Q

Sensitive to uv rays to blue green red light and infrared rays

A

Infrared film

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15
Q

This refers to the size of the metallic silver grains that are formed after development of an exposed film.

A

Granularity or graininess

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16
Q

A multilayer emulsion coated on the same support or base

A

Color film

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17
Q

Also known as slide film forms a negative image when exposed which is revised to a positive image during developing the film can be projected onto a screen

A

Color reversal film

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18
Q

A negative image when exposed which is permanently fixed during developing this is then exposed onto photographic paper to form a positive image

A

Color negative film

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19
Q

Exposed to light in a controlled manner, either by, placing a negative in contact with a paper directly to produce a contact print, by using an enlarger to in order to create a latent image by exposing in some types of camera to produce a photographic negative

A

Photographic paper

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20
Q

Has a slow speed and is suited for contact printing

A

Chloride paper

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21
Q

Fast speed and is recommended for projection printing or enlarging

A

Bromide paper

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22
Q

Is a multi speed and could be used in both contact printing or enlarging

A

Chloro-bromide paper

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23
Q

Are used on over exposed or low contrast negative

A

0 to 1

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24
Q

Are used on normal exposed or normal contrast negative

A

2

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25
Are used in under exposed or high contrast negatives
#3 to 5
26
A camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path a glass or plastic desk with a metal or plastic ring frame which can be screwed in front of the lens
Filters
27
A filter used to change the color quality of the exposing light in order to secure proper color balance for artificial light films
Light balance filter
28
This is used to change the overall color balance of photographic result obtained with color films and to compensate for deficiencies in the quality of exposing energy
Color compensating filter
29
Filter used when the light is too bright to allow the use of desired f number or shutter speed with a particular film
Neutral density filter
30
It is used to reduce or minimize reflections on subjects like water glass and highly polished surface
Polarizing filter
31
Simply a combination of the aperture and shutter speed. Defined as the product of the total light intensity and the length of time it strike the emulsion.
Exposure
32
Form of energy commonly refers to electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by human eye
Flight
33
Properties of all electromagnetic radiation can be described three interrelated terms
Wavelength frequency energy
34
A typical waveform has crest and troughs
Wavelength
35
The wavelength of visible light
Between 40 to 700 nm
36
Violate blue green yellow orange red
400- 440 nm 440 to 490 nm 490 to 540 nm 540 to 590 nm 600 to 650 nm 650 to 700 nm
37
This is electromagnetic energy having a wavelength that ranges from 10 to 30 mm
X-rays
38
is divided into near and far ultraviolet and ranges from about 200 to 400 mm wavelength this ray of light is also invisible like the infrared
Ultraviolet light
39
Create a layer of ozone a special form of oxygen to protect the living organism on earth
Ultraviolet ray
40
Produces different sensation when they strike the human eye the color of the different objects are usually mixtures of light of wave various wavelengths and not a special color
Visible light
41
It's wavelength ranges from 700 to 800 mm. Is not a color or any kind of red it is an invisible ray and detected by skin as heat.
Infrared race
42
Capability of infrared photography in law enforcement and forensic science
Restoring original writings on charred paper Restoring questioned old or faded documents Detecting old scars or obliterated tattoo marks Penetrating layers of greece or grime
43
Has Longest wavelength
Red
44
Presence of all color
White
45
Absence of all color or the absence of light
Black
46
Shortest wavelength 400mu
Magenta
47
Primary color
Red yellow blue
48
When traveling in open space light travels in a straight line however when light comes in contact with an object it may be bended.
Bending of light
49
It bounces off in all directions due to the microscopic irregularities of the interface
Reflection
50
It is the change and direction of the wave due to change and its speed this is most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another
Refraction
51
It is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacle and the spreading out of the waves past small openings it is also described as the bending of light when it hits a sharp edge of an opaque object
Diffraction
52
Allow sufficient visible light to pass through them that the object on the other side may be clearly seen
Transparent object
53
Allows light to pass however diffuse its sufficiently that the object on the other side may not be clearly distinguished
Translucent object
54
So greatly diffuse the light that recognizing the object on the other side is very difficult if not impossible
Opaque
55
Not man made
Natural light source
56
Light sources of this category are man made and is divided into continuous radiation and the short duration
Artificial light sources
57
Light sources of this category are man made and is divided into continuous radiation and the short duration
Artificial light sources
58
A lightning condition where object is open space cast a deep and uniform or distinct shadow
Bright sunlight
59
Object in open space cast a transparent shadow
Hazy sunlight
60
Object in open space cast no shadow
Dull sunlight
61
Object in open space cast no shadow but object at far distance are clearly visible
Cloudy bright
62
Object and open space cast not shadow and visibility of distant object are already limited
Cloudy dull
63
Forensic light sources
Uv lamp laser alternative light sources forensic light sources
64
What does laser mean
Light amplification through simulated emission of radiation
65
Development, stop bath and fixation
Black and white processing
66
Development, stop fix and stabilizer
Color processing
67
It is the conversion of latent image in an emulsion into vegetable image
Development
68
Reducing exposed silver halide crystal into metallic silver
B&W emulsion
69
Developed silver is replaced with cyan, yellow and magenta dye
Color emulsion
70
Developed silver is replaced with cyan, yellow and magenta dye
Color emulsion
71
The purpose of this is to halt the development of the film plate or paper by either washing off the developing chemical or neutralizing it
Stop bath
72
The fixer removes the an exposed silver halide remaining on the photographic film or photographic paper living behind the reduce metallic silver that forms the image making it insensitive to further action of light
Fixation
73
It is the most common salt commonly called hypo and ammonium thiosulfate commonly used in modern rapid fixer formula
Sodium thiosulfate
74
It can be carried out in trays tanks or mechanize equipment
Film processing
75
It can be carried out in trays tanks or mechanize equipment
Film processing
76
Handle and total darkness blue films orthochromatic films and printing papers handled under a safe light
Panchromatic materials
77
Can be plain water only with 28% glacial acetic acid
Stop but
78
Fixing but formula
Water dissolving agent preservative neutralizer hardeners
79
It is a procedure of exposing photographic print materials while it is pressed in contact with a negative being reproduced
Contact printing
80
It is a type of printing where the image in a negative is optically projected or enlarged onto a print material for exposure to produce a picture image
Projection printing or enlarging
81
Equipment for paper developing
Three plastic trays Metal plastic or bamboo tongue with rubber ends to hold the prints Rubber Paper cutter A bigger tray or tank for washing prints
82
In all forensic investigations the first step is to secure the crime scene
Secure the crime scen
83
Photographer should evaluate the available light and weather conditions and adjust camera setting appropriately
Evaluation condition
84
The photographer should take photographs before anything is disturbed progressively working through the scene from outside to close up pictures
Shoot the scene
85
The next series of shots should include victims if present to show collocations injuries or condition
Photograph the victims
86
Then each piece of evidence should be photographed to illustrate where it is found
Photograph the evidence
87
Photographers should be taken before evidence markers are placed then again after
Evidence marker
88
If investigators mark new evidence the whole series of shots should be repeated including all evidence shot this photos should include the entire piece of evidence and a scale to indicate size
Reshoot for new evidence
89
Sometimes environmental factors such as rain snow or traffic can make conditions difficulty for photography
Shoot fast
90
If a victim must be moved or requires treatment the photographer can go back to document the victims injuries various techniques using specialized and colored filters can highlight injuries bruising scarring and healing status
Photograph the victim later
91
Taking an overall view of the crime scene it is shows the direction and location of the crime scene
General view
92
Taking of the photograph of the scene of the crime by dividing it into section best view will best show the nature of the crime
Medium view
93
Taking on the individual photograph of the evidence at the crime scene it is designed to show the details of the crime
Closed up view
94
Commonly designed in the laboratory photography using some magnification such as photogomicrography and photo macrography
Extremely close up view
95
Commonly designed in the laboratory photography using some magnification such as photogomicrography and photo macrography
Extremely close up view
96
The photograph must be directly related to the case and help establish a fact in question
Relevance
97
There must be sufficient proof that the photograph is what it purpose to be
Authenticity
98
The photograph should accurately represent the the scene or object it defects without misleading distortions
Fair and accurate representation
99
The photograph must be accounted from the time it was taken to its presentation in court ensuring that it hasn't been tampered with
Chain of custody
100
The photograph must be accounted from the time it was taken to its presentation in court ensuring that it hasn't been tampered with
Chain of custody

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