Forensic Psych Test #1

Question 1

Prejudice

Answer 1

ATTITUDE

• An unjustified evaluative reaction to a member of a group that results from the recipient’s membership in that group
• Individual holds same evaluative attitude toward the group as a whole
• Involves prejudgement

Question 2

Discrimination

Answer 2

BEHAVIOR

• A behavior (overt), that accepts one person or rejects another based on his or her membership in a particular group
• Negative actions can be hostile or acts of avoidance
• Can be related to company policy

Question 3

Modern racism

Answer 3

• More nuanced than blatant, still reflects bias and negative feelings and beliefs toward a group
• Often exhibited by individuals who do not consider themselves to be prejudiced

Question 4

Blatant sexism

Answer 4

-Discriminatory actions are visible and obvious

Question 5

Subtle sexism

Answer 5

May be visible but go unnoticed (chivalry, discouragement, exclusion)

Question 6

Covert sexism

Answer 6

Behavior is hidden, clandestine, maliciously motivated, and difficult to document

Question 7

IQ Testing:

Larry P. in California

Answer 7

A judge ruled that IQ tests could not be used as placement tests for African American children

Question 8

IQ Testing:

People in Action on Special Education

Answer 8

A judge in Chicago ruled that IQ tests were not biased and that cultural differences had little effect on the differential performance of children of different races

Judge was uncomfortable relying on expert testimony

Question 9

Affirmative Action

Answer 9

Refers to any procedure that permits consideration of race, gender, disability, national origin, and other variables in order to provide equal opportunity to qualified individuals who have been denied those opportunities because of past discrimination

Question 10

Affirmative Action:

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

Answer 10

• Banned racial quotas
• Went to U.S. Supreme Court who judged university policies as unconstitutional based on violations of the 14th amendment
• Did not conclude that all affirmative action procedures were unconstitutional

Question 11

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 11

Identified race, sex, religion, and national origin as discriminatory criteria.
-Sex was NOT part of the original bill

Question 12

Disparate treatment (discriminatory treatment)

Answer 12

A legal claim that addresses the adverse treatment of a particular individual due to group membership, requires showing harm to only one individual

Question 13

Disparate impact (discriminatory effects)

Answer 13

A legal claim that requires showing that an entire group was adversely affected by a policy/practice

Question 14

Hate crime

Answer 14

• Words or actions intended to harm or intimidate an individual because of his or her membership in a minority group
• May include violent assaults, murder, rape, property crime, threats of violence, intimidation etc. motivated by prejudice

Question 15

-Sexual Harassment:

Meritor Savings Bank V. Vinson

Answer 15

• A bank teller felt pressured into having unwanted sex with her supervisor
• Court agreed that the bank was a hostile work environment
• Court determined that “welcomeness” was not synonymous with “voluntary”
• The employer is responsible for the action of its employees

Question 16

% of women who are victims of sexual harassment

Answer 16

40-60%

Question 17

% of men who are victims of sexual harassment

Answer 17

~19%

Question 18

Sexual harassment:

Harris v. Forklift Systems Inc.

Answer 18

• Victim complained that her boss was crude and offensive
• Lower court rejected her claims on the basis that she did not suffer a significant injury
• Supreme Court took the case because of the inconsistent standards used in the rulings of the lower courts
• Ruled that psychological injury was not necessary and adopted the “reasonable person” standard

Question 19

Legal Custody

Answer 19

-Refers to the right to make major decisions about the child’s life

Question 20

Physical custody

Answer 20

-Refers to where the child lives on a day-to-day basis

Question 21

Sole custody

Answer 21

• One parent has both physical and legal custody

- Other parent may or may not have visitation rights

Question 22

Joint or shared custody

Answer 22

• Legal custody may be shared

- Typically one parent is designated as the primary residential parent for physical custody

Question 23

Divided custody

Answer 23

• One parent gains sole custody of one or more children

- Other parent gets sole custody of the others

Question 24

Mediator

Answer 24

-Attempt to help resolve differences through an agreement

Responsibilities:

• Explore options
• Provide a safe environment for communication
• Keep parents focused on the children
• Seek to get agreement in writing

Question 25

When does mediation work best?

Answer 25

-Often works best when mediation is voluntary

Question 26

Sleeper effect

Answer 26

- Based on the Wallerstein study on the effects of divorce on children - The effects of divorce may not manifest in girls until they are adults

Question 27

When can a personal injury suit be filed?

Answer 27

- Persons who have been harmed can usually collect compensation from perpetrators of that harm, even if a crime is not involved - Harm to psychological well being

Question 28

Tort

Answer 28

- A legal claim or complaint, in the form of a law suit, committed by one person against another - Can be for almost any type of physical or psychological damage

Question 29

What is necessary to win a tort case?

Answer 29

-Requires showing that the defendant breached a legal duty that was owed to the plaintiff and that damage resulted due to the breach

Question 30

Standards for expert testimony to be admitted in court

Answer 30

Federal rules of evidence - specialized knowledge Frye - reliability Daubert - validity

Question 31

What type of judgement does contesting another person's last will and testament involve?

Answer 31

Substitution for prior judgement -when it comes time to implement these instruments it may be necessary to determine if, at the time of execution, the person’s capacity was so lacking that the judgment of others must now be substituted

Question 32

Substitutions for prior judgment

Answer 32

Asking a judge to change a will for a decision made in the past

Question 33

Substitutions for present judgement

Answer 33

Asking a judge to change a will for someone that is not mentally capable

Question 34

Substitutions for future judgement

Answer 34

Asking to protect those whose disability may manifest itself at a later time

Question 35

When can substituted judgement take place?

Answer 35

• Involves the replacement of an individual’s judgment with that of another person or agency o Replacement may or not be court mandated but it must be sanctioned by the law o Might be the civil law equivalence of incompetency to stand trial or insanity

Question 36

Affirmative Action: Gutter V. Bollinger

Answer 36

- Court upheld the use of race to achieve diversity - Struck down admission process that automatically granted preferences to applicants from certain minorities - Minority students automatically received 20 points towards a 150 point system

Question 37

Employment Discrimination: Griggs. v. Duke Power Company

Answer 37

-Burden of proof now placed on employees to prove that a challenged job qualification was not really related to a company's need