Forensic Psychology Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Actus Reus
A
A wrongful deed
2
Q
Mens rea
A
criminal intent
3
Q
h
A
h
4
Q
the court can stay the proceeding if any of the following occur:
A
- the accused is unlikely to ever become fit enough to stand trail
- the accused does not pose a significant threat to the public
- in the interest of the proper administration of justice
5
Q
if an accused is found to be never fit to stand trail what happens?
A
the case will go to the review board
6
Q
Insanity
A
not being on sound mind, and mentally deranged and irrational
7
Q
the three elements specific to the insanity defence
A
- defendant must be suffering from a defect of reason/disease of the mind
- must not know the nature and quality of the act that they are performing
- must not know that what she/he did is wrong
8
Q
with the enactment of Bill C-30 what changes were made
A
- the insanity term was changed to not criminally responsible
- review boards were created
- and some wording was changed
- intoxication was not recognized as a defence for violent crimes
9
Q
automatism
A
unconscious, involuntary behaviour; the person committing the act is not aware of what they are doing
10
Q
indigenous people overrepresentation
A
refers to the disproportionate number of indigenous peoples involved in the criminal justice system
11
Q
why were indigenous courts created
A
established so that special consideration could be given to the background factors of indigenous offenders
- also included indigenous healing lodges as a treatment
12
Q
restorative justice
A
when the offender talk to the victim and discusses their intentions with the victim and try to overcome the situation together. trying to make a mend between the victim and the offender.
13
Q
gladue report
A
a report that includes the life story and the trauma that the offender has experienced throughout life
14
Q
definition of sentencing in Canada
A
the judicial determination of a legal sanction upon a person conviction of an offence
15
Q
what does the function principle of sentencing state?
A
it states that a sentence must be proportionate to the gravity of the offence to the degree of responsibility of the offender
16
Q
what are the sentencing options in Canada
A
- absolute discharge
- conditional discharge
- restitution
- fines and community service
- conditional sentence
- imprisonment
17
Q
systematic factors
A
how lenient judges believe sentences should be.
the personal beliefs on sentencing of the judge
18
Q
unsystematic factors
A
the mood of the judge during the hearing
19
Q
sentencing disparity
A
a form of unequal treatment or unequal sentencing due to legally irrelevant factors such as judge biases
when a judge doesn’t give everyone the same sentences based on different factors such as their mood
20
Q
recidivism
A
the likelihood of reoffending
21
Q
restitution
A
the low of gains-based recovery the defendant has to give his/her gains back to the claimant
22
Q
what is risk assessment?
A
a prediction of if they will reoffend
23
Q
what are the 2 components of risk assessment
A
- prediction
- management
24
Q
true positive
A
when they are at a high risk of reoffending and they do reoffend
25
true negative
when they are at a low risk of reoffending and they dont reoffend
26
false positive
when they are at a high risk of offending and they do not reoffend
27
false negative
when they are predicted to be at a low risk of reoffending and they actually reoffend
28
heuristics
mental shortcuts that lead to inaccurate results/bias
| not rooted in real risk factors or statistics
29
illusory correlation
a type of heuristics
| when you correlate two things together when they aren't actually correlated
30
actuarial predictions
are decisions based on risk factors that are selected and combined based on empirical or statistical associations
31
structured professional judgment
decision guided by predetermined list of risk factors derived from research literature
32
define risk factor
measurable feature of an individual that predicts the behaviour of interest
33
define static risk factor
historal
| factors that cannot be changed such as past in child abuse or family history
34
define dynamic risk factors
fluctuate over time
factors that can be changed
acute vs. stable risk factors
35
define stable dynamic risk factors
a factor that can change but is always present like a mental disorder ex antisocial attitude
36
define acute dynamic risk factors
a changeable factor that can last a short period of time like intoxication or mood
37
define protective factors
factors that mitigate ore reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes such as reoffending ex. supportive family and friends
38
define desistance
the process of ceasing to engage in criminal behaviour
39
what are the factors that relate to desistance
- age: older people tend to engage less in criminal behaviour
- employment: people who have long term permanent employment are less likely to engage in criminal behaviour
- martial relationships: people might get married and have long term stable relationships are driven away from crime
40
psychopathy
a personality disorder defined by a collection of interpersonal, affective and behavioural characteristics, including manipulation, lack of remorse, impulsivity, and antisocial behaviour
41
cluster A
group of disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviours
are often considered less severe from schizophrenia type disorders
42
cluster B
group of disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviours ex. borderline personality disorder, anti social personality disorder
43
cluster c
group of disorders characterized by anxious or fearful behaviours
44
the 4 adult symptoms of personality disorder
- engaging in criminal activity
- risk taking
- being deceitful
- having little guilt for one's behaviour
45
advantages of self-report measures
- measures attitudes and emotions that are not easily observed
- easy to administer and inexpensive
- does not require inter-rater reliability
- can detect good or bad faking
46
disadvantages of self-report measures
- psychopaths often lie, manipulate and malinger
- may not have sufficient insight into their own life
- does not experience certain emotions result in difficult reporting on those emotions
47
psychopath
someone who gets the disorder because of a genetic predisposition
48
sociopath
displays a antisocial behaviour because of environmental factors
49
adverbial allegiance
tendency for forensic experts ti be biased towards those who hire them
50
define the fundamental attribution error
we under-emphasize situational causes and we over-emphasize personality-based explanations
51
response modulation deficit theory
psychopaths fail to use contextual cues that are peripheral to dominant response set to modulate their behaviour
psychopaths fail to learn to avoid punishment
they do not pay attention to cue that would inhibit behaviours
52
affective theory of psychopathy
psychopaths have a deficit in the experience of certain critical emotions that guide prosocial behaviour
it essentially states that psychopaths lack a conscience and cant read emotional cues perhaps this relates to an issue with the amygdala
53
internalizing problems
emotional difficulties.
| internalizing their life problems coping with stress by internalizing the problems
54
externalizing problems
behavioural difficulties
| copying with life issues and stress by snapping out or acting out to cope with it
55
what does child-onset. life-course persistent mean
social/behaviour problems begin earlier in their life and persist longer
56
what does adolescent-onset, adolescent limited mean
social/behaviour problems begin at adolescence and do not persist longer
57
the frontal lobe functioning biological theory of young offenders states that
youth with conduct disorder have been shown to have less frontal lobe inhibition meaning they engage in poor behavioural choices
58
three levels of sexual assault
- simple sexual assault
- sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm
- aggravated sexual assault
59
define sexual assault
any nonconsensual act by either a male or female person regardless of the relationship between the people involved
60
when did rape become acknowledged between husband and wife?
1983
61
define the angry rapist
: motivated by anger toward women, uses violent force more violent force than necessary not motivated by sexual gratification
62
define the power rapist
interested in domination and controls; uses force depending on degree of submission of the victim. Frequent rape fantasies but is not motivated by sexual gratification
63
fixated child molesters
- sexual orientation towards children
- male children as primary target
- emotionally immature, poor social skills
- more likely to meet the criteria of pedophilia
64
regressed child molesters
- sexual orientation toward adults
- female children as primary target
- more impulsive
- would not meet the criteria for pedophilia
65
define pedophile
when someone has sexual desires towards children
66
define child molester
someone who commits a sexual act towards a child
67
four types of female sex offenders
- teacher/lover
- male-coerced
- male- accompanied
- predisposed
68
define a teacher/lover female sex offender
someone who is in a position of authority and someone who feels 'in love' with the victim
69
define male-coerced female sex offenders
relates to women who are made to participant in these behaviours by coercive men
70
define male-accompanied female sex offenders
is not thought to be coercive but participatory. both male and female participant in the offending
71
define predisposed female sex offenders
someone who themselves experienced quite a bit of trauma and abuse in their lives
72
evolutionary theory of sexual aggression
rapists have a reproductive advantage because they use force to be come sexually successful (and thus more likely to pass on their genes)
73
define neonaticides
killing the child in their first day of life
74
define filicide
killing of children by parents
75
define infanticide
killing of a baby
76
define familicide
when a spouse and children are killed
77
define femicide
the term to describe the killing of women
78
define uxoricide
refers to the killing of a wife by a husband specifically
79
define androcide
refers to the killing of men
80
define matricide
refers to the killing of a husband by their wife
81
define serial murder
minimum of 3 victims contained a cooling off period between unrelated killings no apparent connections to initial murder and killing usually committed in different locations
82
define mass murder
minimum of 3 victims no cooling off period and the killings are all done in the same location
83
define spree murder
minimum of 3 victims one continuous event at two or more locations no cooling off period
84
define domestic violence
any violence occurring between family members
85
define intimate partner violence
any violence occurring between intimate partners who are living together or separated also known as spousal violence
86
types of abuse
- sexual abuse
- physical abuse
- financial abuse
- emotional abuse
87
define selective pressures
those environmental circumstances that present opportunities for new genes with survival advantages to develop
88
the evolutionary theories perspective on intimate partner violence
this theory suggests that violence (emotional and physical) plays an instrumental role in getting the partner to stay in the relationship. evolutionarily speaking this would increase the likelihood fo sexual opportunities and procreation.
people stay in abusive relationships because of the drive to reproduce
89
define the family-only batterer male typology
least amount of violence. is not violent outside of the home and does not engage in criminal behaviour tend to have moderate impulse control
90
define the dysphoric/borderline batterer male typology
engages in moderate to sever violence, is violent outside of the family and engages in some criminal behaviour; tends to display depressive and borderline personality traits
91
define generally violent/antisocial batterer male typology
engages in moderate to severe violence; engages in most violence outside of the home and is in criminal behaviour has antisocial and narcissistic personality features
92
define criminal harassment
crime that involves repeatedly communicating with, watching or threatening a person directly or indirectly
93
define capping
a notion introduced through Bill C-30 where there is a maximum period of time a person with a mental illness could be affected by his or her disposition
if they should be serving 10 years in jail but are insane and are in the mental hospital after 10 years they might be forced to stay still if the person still isnt recovered.
94
define insane automatism
refers to an invol- untary action that occurs because of a mental disorder
95
define noninsane automatism
Non- insane automatism refers to involuntary behaviour that occurs because of an external factor.
96
define community treatment order
allows the offender
who has a mental illness to live in the community, with
the stipulation that he or she will agree to treatment or
detention in the event that his or her condition deterio-
rates.
97
define diversion
diverting the offenders directly into a treatment program rather than having them go through the court process.
98
what is the Aboriginal overrepresentation problem
The discrepancy between the relatively low proportion of Aboriginal people in the general Canadian population and the relatively high proportion of Aboriginal people involved in the criminal justice system
99
define specific deterrence
Sentencing to reduce the probability that an offender will reoffend in the future
100
define general deterrence
Sentencing to reduce the probability that members of the general public will offend in the future
101
define restitution
A sentence where the offender has to make a monetary payment to the victim or the community.
102
what is the fundamental principle of sentencing
The belief that sentences should be proportionate to the gravity of the offence and the degree of responsibility of the offender
103
what is the family-only batterer typology
engages in least amount of violence, is not violent outside the home and does not engage in other criminal behaviour. tends to have moderate impulse control problems
104
what is the dysphoric/borderline batterer typology
engages in moderate to severe violence, is violent outside of the family and engages in some criminal behaviour; tends to display depressive and borderline personality traits
105
what is the generally violent/ antisocial batterer typology
engages in moderate to severe violence; engages in most violence outside of the home and in criminal behaviour; has antisocial and narcissistic personality features
106
what are the stages of the three cycles of abuse
1. there is tension- building phase
2. there is acting out- out phase
3. there is the honeymoon phase
107
what are the female batterer typology
1. partner-only: reactive violence due to fear and self-defence
2. generally violent: has a history of abuse
108
what is the Duluth model fo a therapy
focuses on patriarchal ideology and the goal of treatment is to challenge the man's perceived right to control his partner
109
define love-obsessional stalker
Intense feelings for victim (victim is acquaintance), rare
A stalker who has intense emotional feelings for the victim but who has never had an intimate relationship with the victim
110
define ex-intimate stalker
Was involved in intimate relationship with victim, most common
A stalker who engages in stalking after an intimate relationship breaks up
Has a history of domestic violence in intimate relationships
111
define delusional stalker
Believes a relationship with victim exists, rare
| stalker who suffers from delusions and wrongly believes he or she has a relationship with the victim
112
define grudge stalker
Angry individual seeking revenge, rare
| A stalker who knows and is angry at the victim for some perceived injustice
113
define aversive instigators
produce emotional arousal, and how a person labels that emotional arousal will influence how he or she responds. Studies with male batterers have found that they tend to label many different emotional states as anger
114
define incentive instigators
are perceived rewards for engaging in aggression. When people believe they can satisfy their needs by using aggression, they may decide to be violent
115
what is the opportunist rapist typology
commits sexual assault that is generally impulsive, void of sexual fantasies, controlled primarily by situational or contextual factors, and void of gratuitous violence.
Often engage in other criminal behaviors
Ex. person who breaks into home with intent to steal but also rapes a female victim is an opportunist
116
what is the pervasively angry rapist typology
High level of anger directed to both men and women
| Tend to be impulsive, use force that harms victims, unnecessary force, and be void of sexual fantasies
117
what is sexual rapist typology
Offenders crimes are primarily motivated by sexual preoccupation or sexual fantasies
118
what is the sadistic rapist typology
Must have a sadistic element to the offense
Enjoying hurting the victim
The propensity to derive pleasure (often sexual pleasure from the suffering and pain of others)
119
what is the vindictive rapist typology
The rapist’s anger is solely focused on women the goal of this person to the demean or degrade the victim. No sexual fantasies or impulsivity
120
define the The sadistic rapist:
obtains sexual gratification by hurting someone, high level of victim injury sometimes includes torture and death and frequent violent fantasies
121
define the Visionary serial murderer:
A murderer who kills in response to voices or visions telling him or her to kill
122
define the Mission-oriented serial murderer:
A murderer who targets individuals from a group that he or she considers to be “undesirable”
123
define the Hedonistic serial murderer:
A murderer who is motivated by self- gratification. This type of killer is divided into three subtypes: lust, thrill, and comfort
124
define the Lust serial murderer:
A murderer who is motivated by sexual gratification
125
define the Power/control serial murderer:
A murderer who is motivated not by sexual gratification but by wanting to have absolute dominance over the victim
126
define the thrill serial murderer:
A murderer who is motivated by the excitement associated with the act of killing
127
define the Comfort serial murderer:
A murderer who is motivated by material or financial gain
128
define aversion therapy
The pairing of an aversive stimuli with a deviant fantasy for the purpose of reducing the attractiveness of these deviant fantasies
129
what is the differences of murder method between male serial killers and female serial killers
males are more likely to use a firearm or strangle or stab victims women are much more likely to use poison
130
what is the differences of prior criminal history between male serial killers and female serial killers
females usually do not have a criminal record while male tend to
131
what is the differences of murder motive between male serial killers and female serial killers
males are more likely to kill for sexual gratification while females usually kill for money
132
what is the differences of victim type between male serial killers and female serial killers
males are more likely to kill strangers females are more likely to kill family members
133
what is the differences of geographic type between male serial killers and female serial killers
males tend to be more geographically mobile and females tend to be place specific (ex. to carry out all killings in one location)
134
what is the differences of accomplice between male serial killers and female serial killers
only 25% of males have an accomplice while 50% of females have an accomplice
