Forestry

Question 1

4 characteristics of a temperate forest biome:

Answer 1

1) Deciduous trees
2) High levels of precipitation
3) Large wild canopy
4) Non seasonal vegetation

Question 2

3 main types of agroforestry:

Answer 2

1) Agrisilvicultural
2) Silvopastoral
3) Agrosylvopastoral

Question 3

what is Agrisilvicultural agroforestry?

Answer 3

A system that combines crops with trees

Question 4

what is silvopastoral Agroforestry?

Answer 4

A system that combines forestry and grazing

Question 5

what is Agrosylvopastoral agroforestry?

Answer 5

A system that contains all three elements: Trees, crops and animals

Question 6

4 benefits of agroforestry:

Answer 6

1) Erosion control
2) Crop diversity (reduced risk)
3) Soil improvement (both structurally and chemically)
4) Sustained year round production

Question 7

4 cons of agroforestry:

Answer 7

1) Fewer short term returns
2) Long term returns difficult to predict
3) Crop yield decreases if its not planned out
4) Initial expenditure is required before returns are seen.

Question 8

What is the difference between softwood and hardwood?

Answer 8

Softwood is faster growing (less dense)

hardwood is slower growing (more dense)

Question 9

What does REDD stand for?

Answer 9

Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation

Question 10

2 bad points about the REDD+ program:

Answer 10

1) REDD forest definitions can encourage plantation forestry, leading to mono-cropping and food insecurity.
2) There is a lack of environmental safeguards in place to protect affected communities and to avoid loss of biodiversity

Question 11

Define what a forest is:

Answer 11

A forest is a community of trees, shrubs, herbs and associated organisms that cover a large area that uses gasses, water and soil nutrients as the community reproduces and becomes mature.

Question 12

Which type of wood do gymnosperms usually produce?

Answer 12

Softwood

Question 13

which type of wood do angiosperms usually produce?

Answer 13

Hardwood

Question 14

3 different softwood trees:

Answer 14

1) Cedar tree
2) Douglas fir
3) Yew tree

Question 15

3 Different hardwood trees:

Answer 15

1) Alder
2) Ash
3) walnut

Question 16

whats the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperm trees?

Answer 16

Gymnosperms usually have seeds that are enclosed in cones whereas angiosperms don’t

Question 17

what are the typical goals of woodland creation for stakeholders? (3 points)

Answer 17

1) renewable energy source
2) biodiversity
3) for a long term investment

Question 18

what are the main climate change factors that will affect trees in the UK (5 points)

Answer 18

1) Hotter summers meaning a shortage of water
2) Increased risks of flooding in the winter months
3) colder winters
4) potential risks of wildfires due to heat
5) increased pest and disease problems

Question 19

What are the thinning preferences for a Scots Pine plantation?

Answer 19

Thinned early originally and regularly from then on

Question 20

Whats the main use of Scots Pine wood?

Answer 20

Sold as commercial timber due to its attractive yellow/red colour and outside durability. (known as ‘redwood’)

Question 21

what are the 3 main threats facing UK forests in the next 30 years?

Answer 21

1) brexit, dont know what subsidies are going to do for farming
2) climate change
3) lack of housing for an ever growing population

Question 22

what does the REDD+ program do?

Answer 22

Gives people money rewards for protecting their forests or from stopping them from degrading.

Question 23

REDD+ schemes include

Answer 23

1) Payments for Environmental Services (PES)
2) Integrated Conservation Development Projects (ICDPs)
3) Social Forestry
4) Participatory Forest Management

Question 24

What rotational period do Scots Pines suit?

Answer 24

70-90 years

Question 25

4 things forests do that influence soil development

Answer 25

1) reduce soil erosion from wind and water run off 2) some trees increase soil nutrients like nitrogen 3) leaves increase organic matter build up 4) reduces soil compaction through the roots breaking up the soil.

Question 27

Shade Intolerant Tree Species (4 points)

Answer 27

1) large light requirement 2) fast growth 3) soft timber 4) pioneer species

Question 28

Shade Tolerant Tree Species (4 points)

Answer 28

1) can survive under closed canopy 2) slow growing 3) hard wood 4) 'climax community'

Question 29

How do forests improve soil development? (3 points)

Answer 29

1) Increase soil biodiversity 2) Increase stability of soil horizons 3) Reduce soil erosion

Question 30

What are the main characteristics of a hardwood?

Answer 30

1) Usually come from deciduous trees 2) Tend to be slower growing 3) More dense

Question 31

What are the main characteristics of a softwood?

Answer 31

1) Usually come from conifers 2) tend to be faster growing 3) Less dense

Question 32

What is climate change's effect on Southern tree species?

Answer 32

Boundary reduction due to velocity of climate change

Question 33

What is climate change's effect on Northern tree species?

Answer 33

Boundary expansion driven by soil biology and plant traits

Question 34

What effect does drought have on forests Carbon levels?

Answer 34

Forests become a source of Carbon in droughts due to reduced uptake of C02 and increased respiration.

Question 35

How does light interception (canopy cover) effect forest growth?

Answer 35

1) Higher levels of light interception means reduced biodiversity underneath canopy. 2) Thinning can reduce light interception and increase biodiversity. 3) Less presence of shade intolerant species

Question 36

What Ecosystem Services do forests provide?

Answer 36

Wildlife habitat, places for relaxation or recreation, flood mitigation and carbon sequestration

Question 37

How can forests be managed to maintain biodiversity?

Answer 37

1) Regular thinning to allow light penetration 2) Maintain various tree species 3) Improve ecosystem structure 4) Improve ecosystem function