Form 1 Flashcards
1
Q
It is the study of life
A
Biology
2
Q
This theory states that the organisms’ bodies and organs have been designed to fully meet the needs of the environment
A
Theory of Special Creation
3
Q
It is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function of all living organisms
A
Cell
4
Q
Living things that come from non-living things is also known as?
A
Abiogenesis or biopoesis
5
Q
He tried to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation but only proved that air is needed in propagation of life by using gravy in his experiment (sealing and unsealing the flask)
A
Lazaro Spallanzani
6
Q
This theory states that all different kinds of animals and plants were created at once
A
Theory of Special Creation
7
Q
This theory states that living things only arise from living things and cannot be spontaneously generated
A
Theory of biogenesis
8
Q
This theory suggests that life had come to earth from other planets in the universe (proposed by Richter)
A
Theory of panspermia
9
Q
What are the three variations of the theory of panspermia?
A
Lithopanspermia
Ballistic Panspermia
Directed Panspermia
10
Q
This characteristic is also referred as to locomotion
A
Movement
11
Q
This theory suggests that life evolved in the oceans during a period when the atmosphere was containing H2, H2O, NH3, CH4 and CO2
A
Theory of biochemical evolution
12
Q
Te theory of biochemical evolution is suggested by who?
A
Stanley Miller
13
Q
In this experiment, inorganic compounds are forced to react to form organic compounds (amino acids, proteins)
A
Miller-Urey experiment
14
Q
This theory states that all organisms were created in the same form which they exist today
A
Theory of Special Creation
15
Q
What is the gas that was found to have existed that disproved the theory of biochemical evolution?
A
Oxygen
15
Q
This theory suggested that life may have begun at submarine hydrothermal vents
A
Deep-sea hydrothermal vent theory
17
Q
In the Heterotroph theory, heterotrophs became what?
A
Autotrophs
18
Q
A group of population consisting only living things
A
Community
19
Q
In this characteristic, all organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities
A
Energy processing
20
Q
This characteristic is important for guaranteed perpetuation of species
A
Adaptability
22
Q
This characteristic of life follows specific instructions coded for by their genes
A
Growth and development
23
Q
It is a characteristic wherein organisms respond to diverse stimuli
A
Sensitivity
24
Q
He first disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by using jars containing meat
A
Francisco Redi
25
Q
This theory states that the organic materials in the earth formed molecules over time
A
Heterotroph theory
25
In this characteristic, living things adjust and adapt because the environment where they live varies and constantly change
Adaptability
27
In this characteristic, organisms are able to maintain internal conditions with a narrow range almost constantly
Homeostasis
28
This is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter
Atom
29
It is the characteristic of life wherein a organism duplicate their DNA to form new individuals
Reproduction
30
This consists of functionally related organs
Organ system
32
This theory states that living things came from non-living things and was supported by Aristotle, Epicurus and Von Helmont
Theory of spontaneous generation
33
This theory suggests that living things originated spontaneously from inanimate objects
Theory of spontaneous generation
33
It is the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
Homeostasis
33
This characteristic states that organisms are highly organized, coordinating structures that consist of one or more cells
Order
34
These are groups of similar cells with the same or related function
Tissues
35
This literally means "steady state"
Homeostasis
36
These are collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function
Organs
38
The cell wall is mainly composed of this thing that is difficult to digest. What is it called?
Cellulose
39
All the individuals of a species living in a specific area is called?
Population
40
This consists of all living things with the non-living things in an area
Ecosystem
41
Groups of ecosystem which represents the zones of life on earth
Biosphere
42
What are the 3 main postulates of the cell theory?
All organisms are composed of one or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of all organisms
All cells come from pre-existing cells
43
It is the gel-like substance enclosed with the cell membrane
Cytosol
44
Who stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells?
Rudolf Virchow
45
Site where ribosomes are synthesized
Nucleolus
46
The energy currency of life. It is a high-energy molecule that stores energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
48
It is a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms by chemical bonds
Molecule
49
He invented the first compound microscope
Zacarias Jansen
51
They have no definite nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes
52
He coined the term "cell"
Robert Hooke
53
What are the four common components of ALL cells?
Plasma/ Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes
54
It helps maintain homeostasis inside the cell
Plasma/cell membrane
55
The plasma membrane helps maintain homeostasis inside the cell through a process called?
Selective permeability
56
What do you call individual living entities?
Organism
56
It comprises cytosol
Cytoplasm
57
It is the genetic material of the cell
DNA
58
They are tiny granular structures that produce protein for the cell
Ribosomes
59
All of these are unicellular and the simplest type of cell
Prokaryote
60
It carries out photosynthesis
Chloroplast
61
It has a large central vacuole
Plant cell
62
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
63
What are the two types of fermentation?
Ethanol fermentation
| Lactic acid fermentation
64
These cells could be unicellular or multicellular and may use asexual or sexual reproduction
Eukaryote
64
It is a cylinder of nine microtubules
Centrioles
65
Membranous vesicles containing digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
67
The light-independent stage occurs when 3 molecules of _______ enter through the stomata
CO2
68
Ribosomes are found here and it is the site of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
69
Composed of stacks of membranous saccule that is in charge of processing, packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids
Golgi bodies/Golgi apparatus/Golgi complex
70
Membranous sacs responsible in storage of various substances
Vacuoles
71
For plants, the vacuoles also act as what?
Lysosomes
72
Study of energy flow within living systems
Bioenergetics
73
They perform photosynthesis and use sunlight as their main source of energy
Producers
74
It is the space surrounding the granum
Stroma
75
What are the 3 different pigments? (Chlorophyll)
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
76
They perform cellular respiration to produce ATP
Consumers
77
He improved Redi's experiment by using boiled broth placed in different flasks with openings that vary in shape
Louis Pasteur
78
Responsible for detoxification
Peroxisome
79
The control center of all cellular functions
Nucleus
80
They recycle nutrients
Decomposers
81
They are cells that make up the mesophyll tissues. It also contains the chloroplasts
Parenchyma cells
82
It has double inner and outer membrane that is responsible for the color of the leaf
Chloroplast
83
Disc-shaped structures that are found in the chloroplast
Thylakoid
84
It is the middle layer of the lead where photosynthesis occur
Mesophyll
85
Rigid covering that protects the plant cell
Cell wall
85
Microtubule-organizing center near the nuclei
Centrosome
85
Stacks of thylakoid
Granum
86
He discovered animalcules from his own dental scrapings
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
87
What do you call the green pigment molecules inside the thylakoid?
Chlorophyll
88
This reaction or stage of photosynthesis occurs when light is available
Light-dependent stage (light reaction)
89
It is a packet of light
Photon
90
It is an energy carrier in photosynthesis
NADPH
91
Where does the light-dependent reaction occur?
Thylakoid membrane
92
What is the concentration gradient in the thylakoid membrane during the light reaction?
Low pH in the thylakoid membrane
| High pH outside the thylakoid membrane
93
What molecule is split in order to form 2 hydrogen ions and 2 electrons? (Light-dependent reaction)
H2O
94
It is the movement of hydrogen ions through the ATP synthase
Chemiosmosis
95
The light-independent stage is also known as the dark reaction and what cycle?
Calvin cycle
96
What is the main product of the dark reaction?
G3P
97
What are the products of the light reaction?
O2 + NADPH + ATP
98
It is a redox reaction that requires oxygen and produces energy
Cellular respiration
99
What kind of tissues is the blood?
Connective tissue
100
In the cellular respiration, which is oxidized and which is reduced?
Glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide
| Oxygen is reduced to water
101
The tiny opening in the leaves where gases pass through
Stomata
102
What are the two types or pathways for cellular respiration?
Aerobic and anaerobic pathway
103
Where does the dark reaction occur?
Stroma of the chloroplast
104
What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
105
This stage of cellular respiration is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions and does not require oxygen
Glycolysis
106
Disease carrier that invades the cell
Phagocyte
107
In glycolysis there is a net gain of how many ATP?
2 ATP
108
The Kreb's cycle is also known as the?
Citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle
109
What are the four types of tissues found in animals?
Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscular tissues
Nervous tissues
110
Where does the Kreb's cycle occur?
Inside the motochondrial matrix
111
Where does the glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
112
What is the process wherein carbon is removed from a bond?
Decarboxylation
113
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
114
What is the chemical formula for the Kreb's cycle?
1 pyruvate + 1 ADP + NAD+ + FAD2 ----->
| 3 CO2 + 4 NADH + FADH2 + ATP
115
Where does the Electron Transport Chain of the cellular respiration occur?
Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
116
It is the stage of the cellular respiration wherein series of enzyme-controlled reactions that convert kinetic energy present in H+ to ATP
Electron transport chain
117
What do you call the process in the electron transport chain (cellular respiration) that produces 32-34 ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation
118
It is the instrument used to cut tissues into ultra thin sections
Microtome
119
Transport of large molecules occur here as well as the lipids and steroid hormones synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
119
In the ETC of cellular respiration...
Every NADH produces _____ ATP
Every FADH2 produces ______ ATP
```
NADH = 3 ATP
FADH2 = 2 ATP
```
120
This pathway is used to supply body cells with immediate energy
Anaerobic pathway
121
These tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body
Epithelial tissues
122
Fermentation has a net ATP production of how many?
2 ATP molecules
124
It is the study of animal and plant tissues
Histology
125
It is the energy production sped up by enzymes with the absence of oxygen
Fermentation
126
The functions of thes tissues are support, transport, insulation, connection and separation of other tissues
Connective tissues
127
It is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies and gives rise to muscles ability to contract
Muscular tissue
128
It is the outer covering that protects the animal's body
Integumentary
129
It is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food molecules into soluble and diffusible molecules that can be absorbed into body cells
Digestion
130
The functions of these tissues are secretion, selective absorption, protection, trans ellipse transport and sensing
Epithelial tissues
131
The type of muscle that provides involuntary movement and are only located in the heart
Cardiac muscle
133
What are the two basic types of circulation?
Open-ended and closed
134
This type of skeleton has a hard external covering
Exoskeleton
135
The functions of these tissues are movement, support, maintaining of posture, contractility of hollow organs
Muscular tissues
136
What do you call undigested food?
Roughage
137
It is a firm framework which gives physical support and protection for the body and provides surfaces for the attachment of muscles
Skeleton
139
It is the intake of food in the body
Ingestion
140
This type of skeleton is supported by liquid
Hydrostatic
141
This type of skeleton has a hard framework inside the body
Endoskeleton
142
These tissues are found in between other tissues everywhere in the body
Connective tissues
142
This system moves limbs and trunk, moves substances throughout the body and provides structure & support
Muscular system
144
It involves the mechanical breakdown of food by chewing and muscular contractions and relaxations in the stomach
Physical digestion
145
It is the type of circulation wherein blood is confined within blood vessels separated from the interstitial fluid
Closed
146
The type of muscles that provides voluntary movement and works in pairs (flexor-extensor)
Skeletal muscles
147
It is the food intake and the process of food conversion
Nutrition
149
These tissues are responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities which also transmit and receive external and internal stimuli
Nervous tissue
150
This involves the breaking down of macromolecules into soluble molecules through the action of enzymes which could be absorbed by the body
Chemical digestion
151
The materials that are eliminated which are in solid waste form is called?
Feces
152
They carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
153
These are composed of neurons and glial cells
Nervous tissues
153
The type of muscle that provide involuntary movement and are found in the walls of hollow organs
Smooth muscles
154
The process of passing of materials that were not absorbed in the large intestine out of the body
Elimination
155
This system transports nutrients and wastes
Circulatory system
156
It is the process of removing undigested matter from the body
Defecation or egestion
156
It is the type of circulation wherein fluid is pumped through open-ended vessels and transported among the cells with no distinction between body was blood & interstitial fluid
Open-ended
157
The process whereby the digested food materials are taken by the cell and are converted into new protoplasm to provide energy
Absorption
158
The largest organ in the immune system
Spleen
159
The circuit through the lungs where blood is oxygenated
Pulmonary circulation
161
What are the three phases in the respiratory system?
Breathing
Distribution
Absorption
162
The sites of nutrient and waste exchange between the blood and body cells
Capillaries
163
They carry blood away from the heart
Veins
163
It pumps blood to the body
Heart
164
This system defends against pathogens and diseases
Lymphatic or immune system
166
The circuit through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood
Systemic circulatory
167
It is the voice box located behind the hyoid bone
Larynx
168
It is how the body gets oxygen ang get rids of carbon dioxide
Respiration
169
They are small, bean-shaped structures that produce and store cells that fight infection and diseases
Lymph nodes
169
The spleen produces what?
Lymphocytes or white blood cells
170
It contains the B-cells. It is the spongy, yellow tissue inside the bone that produces white blood cells
Bone marrow
172
The coordinated processes to fight off foreign infection
Immune response
172
The act of taking oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide out of the lungs
Breathing
172
The main external opening and entryway to the respiratory tract
Nose
173
The site where oxygen exchange takes place
Alveoli
174
They are tissues found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
Nervous tissues
175
It is the organ that lies behind the breastbone and is the site of maturation of T-cells
Thymus
176
This functional division of the nervous system controls involuntary movement
Autonomic
177
They work to conduct air to the lungs' alveoli and ensures that air from the trachea reaches all regions of the lungs
Bronchioles
178
This system regulates behavior, maintains homeostasis, regulates other organ systems and controls sensory & motor functions
Nervous system
179
In the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord are part of what structural division?
Central
180
This produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
181
What are the type of gas exchange mechanisms for animals?
Integumentary exchange
Gills exchange
Tracheal system
Lungs exchange
182
In the nervous system, all nerves throughout the body is in what structural division?
Peripheral
182
This system is a collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood
Endocrine system
183
They release epinephrine and nonepinephrine which help the body deal with stress
Adrenal glands
184
It is the windpipe connecting the larynx to the bronchi and has the role of filtering the air before it enters the lungs
Trachea
185
This functional division of the nervous system controls voluntary movements
Somatic
187
This transports and stores sperm. It also brings sperm to maturity
Epididymis
188
This makes hormones that control the pituitary gland and stored there
Hypothalamus
190
The hormone for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs
Estrogen
191
It releases thymosin during childhood which stimulates T-cell development
Thymus
193
4 glands that produce parathyroid hormone which regulate the level of calcium in the blood
Parathyroid gland
193
It releases melatonin which is involved in rhythmic activities such as daily sleep-wake cycles
Pineal gland
193
It produce insulin and glucagon which regulate the level of glucose in the blood
Pancreas
194
It produces estrogen and progesterone
Ovary
195
This system removes waste from the blood and regulates concentration of body fluids
Excretory system
196
It produces thyroxine which regulates metabolism
Thyroid
196
It produces testosterone which is responsible for spermicide production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Testes
198
The tube through which urine passes from the bladder to the exterior of the body
Urethra
199
The hormone that prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg
Progesterone
200
The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureter
201
It acts as a barrier or opening to allow sperm to enter the uterus
Cervix
202
The removal of metabolic waste out of the body
Excretion
203
Organs that filter metabolic waste sm excessions and chemicals from the blood to the urine
Kidneys
204
Organ that detoxifies harmful poisons and chemicals
Liver
205
Organs that expel carbon dioxide from the body via exhalation
Lungs
206
The sac-like hollow organ used for the storage of urine
Urinary bladder
207
The skin performs its excretory function via what?
Sweat glands
208
It is also known as the birth canal
Vagina
209
This organ serves as the storage of the excretory products
Large intestine
210
1. ________ is the storage for waste products
| 2. ________ is the canal that excretes waste products
1. Rectum
| 2. Anus
211
Tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body
Urethra
212
They are mostly low-growing and live most in the habitat. They lack true roots for absorbing water
Nonvascular plant
213
Rigid cells providing long, slender and tapered and usually occur in groups
Fibers
214
They are shorter than fibers and irregular in shape
Schlereids
215
The male sex accessory organ used in sexual intercourse
Penis
216
Plant tissues that transport water and nutrients within the plant body is what?
Vascular tissues
217
The tunnels for the egg cell to travel from the ovaries to the uterus
Fallopian tubes
217
Nonvascular are also known as what?
Bryophytes
219
It has a main root that frowns than vertically and from which many lateral roots arise
Tap root
220
It increases the absorptive property of the roots and helps in anchorage
Root hair
221
This transports mature sperm to the urethral
Vas deferens
222
It covers the root tip. It produces a slimy substance that reduces friction as the root grows through soil
Root cap
223
Points of attachment for leaves, aerial roots and flowers
Nodes
224
It has numerous branching roots that are about the same
Fibrous root
225
Rigid cells providing support and energy strength to tissues
Sclerenchyma cells
226
Fibers for making rope
Hemp fibers
227
It contains cytoplasm but lacks a nucleus and ribosomes when matured (part of the phloem)
Sieve tube cells
228
The stem region between two nodes
Internodes
230
It conducts water and dissolved minerals upwards from roots into shoots
Xylem
230
It possesses the large central vacuole.
Parenchyma cells
231
The home to a developing fetus
Uterus
232
Any root that arises along a stem or in some place other than the root plant
adventitious roots
233
It transports dissolved sugars and other organic materials
Phloem
234
Fibers for making linen
Flax fibers
235
They are conducting cells that are elongated, hollow, no living cells with pitted end walls (in the xylem)
tracheid
236
The two cells that form a stomata
Guard cell
237
They fill most spaces and is in charge of production, storage of food and support of the plant
Ground tissues
241
The hair like projections on leaves and stems
Trichomes
242
They are hollow and no living conducting cells that are larger and devoid of end fall (in the xylem)
Vessel elements
243
It controls the transport activities (in the phloem)
Companion cells
245
It has a thicker cell wall and provides support without restraining growth
Collenchyma cells
