Form and Function

Question 1

What is anatomy and physiology, what is important about them

Answer 1

anatomy = form, physiology = function, very interconnected

Question 2

what is the rate of exchange and amount of exchange material proportional to

Answer 2

surface area, volume

Question 3

what allows for the movement of material in and out of cells in vertebrates

Answer 3

interstitial fluid

Question 4

what evolutionary adaptations allow sufficient exchange with the environment in complex animals

Answer 4

branched, folded, specialized structures

Question 5

Organization of body plans

Answer 5

specialized cells —> tissues —> organs —> organ systems

Question 6

what are the four types of tissue

Answer 6

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 7

what are epithelial tissues

Answer 7

closely joint cells that cover the outside of the body and line organs/cavities in body

Question 8

what are the two surfaces of epithelia, which faces the lumen?

Answer 8

apical and basal, apical

Question 9

How are connective tissue structures

Answer 9

scattered cells in a matrix

Question 10

what makes up the matrix

Answer 10

fibres and ground substance

Question 11

collagen fibre function

Answer 11

strength and flexibility

Question 12

reticular fibre function

Answer 12

foin connective tissues to adjacent tissues

Question 13

what are the 6 types of CT found in vertebrates and their functions

Answer 13

1. Loose (holds organs in place)
2. Fibrous (tendons and ligaments)
3. Bone (mineralized)
4. Adipose (fat)
5. Blood
6. Cartilage (strong and flexible support, avascular)

Question 14

what are muscle cells made of and their function

Answer 14

actin and myosin, contract in respond to nerve signals

Question 15

what are the three types of muscle tissue and their functions

Answer 15

skeletal/striated (voluntary)
smooth (involuntary)
cardiac (heart contraction)

Question 16

What is the function of nervous tissue

Answer 16

receiving, processing, transmitting info

Question 17

what are the two types of nervous tissue

Answer 17

neurons (transmit Aps)
glial (nourish, insulate, regulate neuron activity)

Question 18

differences between endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 18

endocrine = hormones, slow, receptive cells, one or more region, long lasting
nervous = neurons, fast, specific locations

Question 19

what does information conveyed by NS depend on

Answer 19

signals pathway, not signal type

Question 20

what is maintained in humans

Answer 20

body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration

Question 21

what serves as a stimulus in homeostasis

Answer 21

fluctuations above or below a set point

Question 22

negative feedback

Answer 22

returns a variable to a normal range

Question 23

positive feedback

Answer 23

amplifies a stimulus

Question 24

what can set points and normal ranges change with (2)

Answer 24

age or cyclic

Question 25

what is the difference between acclimation and acclimatization

Answer 25

adjustment to environmental factor(s) single = acclimation multiple = acclimatization

Question 26

endothermic

Answer 26

generates heat internally to maintain body temp, mammals and birds

Question 27

ectothermic

Answer 27

relies on external heat sources to regulate body temp, fish/reptiles/amphibians

Question 28

thermoregulator

Answer 28

actively maintains stable body temp

Question 29

thermoconformer

Answer 29

body temp matches environment

Question 30

homeotherm

Answer 30

maintains constant body temp

Question 31

poikilotherm

Answer 31

body temp fluctuates with environment

Question 32

what are the four physical processes used by organisms to exchange heat

Answer 32

radiation, evaporation, convection (fan effect), conduction (direct surfaces)

Question 33

what are the five adaptations used to help animals thermoregulate

Answer 33

insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling via evaporative heat loss, behavioural responses, adjusting metabolic heat production

Question 34

what is insulation, how does it effect heat flow

Answer 34

skin/feathers/fur... reduce heat flow

Question 35

what is circulatory adaptations

Answer 35

regulation of blood flow

Question 36

what forms of circulatory adaptations effect heat flow

Answer 36

dilation = blood flow increases = facilitating heat loss constriction = blood flow decreases = lowering heat loss

Question 37

what is countercurrent heat exchange, what is its effect on heat loss

Answer 37

transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite direction, reduce heat loss

Question 38

what types of animals are countercurrent exchangers

Answer 38

fish, shark, endothermic insects

Question 39

what is evaporative heat loss

Answer 39

sweating/bathing, panting

Question 40

how is thermogenesis increased

Answer 40

muscle activity like moving/shivering

Question 41

where is fat broken down during nonshivering thermogenesis

Answer 41

brown adipose tissue (BAT), rich in mitochondria and blood vessels

Question 42

how can birds and mammals acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes

Answer 42

varying their insulation

Question 43

what can ectotherms produce at subzero temperatures

Answer 43

antifreeze to prevent ice formation in cells