Formative 1

Question 1

Where does the straight sinus receive venous blood from

Answer 1

Inferior Sagitta sinus and the great cerebral vein

Question 2

Venous blood from the cerebral circulation exits the cranium via….

Answer 2

Jugular foramina

Question 3

Venous blood from the cerebral circulation is returned to the heart via….

Answer 3

The Internal jugular veins

Question 4

Which 2 layers are the brain sinuses formed between

Answer 4

Meningeal and periosteal Dural layers

Question 5

Where does the cavernous sinus receive blood from

Answer 5

Superior ophthalmic vein of the The orbit

Question 6

Which sinus is cerebrospinal fluid reabsorbed into

Answer 6

Superior Sagittal sinus via arachnoid granulations

Question 7

Which 2 structures does the straight sinus separate

Answer 7

Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

Question 8

Where does the left anterior cerebral artery carry blood to

Answer 8

Motor cortex of the right leg

Question 9

Which arteries carry blood to the basal ganglia

Answer 9

Lenticulo-striate arteries which are branches of the anterior cerebral artery and MCA

Question 10

What is the arterial supply of the cerebellum

Answer 10

Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 11

Which artery is a direct continuation of the internal carotid artery

Answer 11

Middle cerebral artery

Question 12

Where is a common site for berry aneurysms

Answer 12

Circle of Willis

Question 13

Where is the a) wernickes and b) Broca’s area situated

Answer 13

a) temporal lobe

b) left frontal lobe

Question 14

A stroke affecting the circulation of the occipital lobe may result in…..

Answer 14

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Question 15

A stroke affecting the circulation to the temporal lobe may result in

Answer 15

Memory problems

Question 16

Strokes affecting……?…….will result in a contra lateral neurological deficit

Answer 16

One side of the motor/sensory cortex

Question 17

How are muscles of the lower and upper limb represented in the primary motor cortex

Answer 17

Lower - medially

Upper - laterally

Question 18

The primary motor cortex occupies the…l.l

Answer 18

Pre central gurus

Question 19

What supplies the primary motor cortex

Answer 19

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

Question 20

What is the primary motor cortex also known as

Answer 20

Brodmanns area 4

Question 21

The corticospinal tract pass between which 2 structures to enter the central peduncle

Answer 21

Basal ganglia

Thalamus

Question 22

In Parkinson’s disease, what produces an abnormal rhythmical output

Answer 22

Basal ganglia

Question 23

What will differ in a same size stroke affecting the motor cortex vs internal capsule

Answer 23

Greater neurological deficit for the internal capsule

Question 24

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract deccusate

Answer 24

Medullary pyramids

Question 25

What type of motor neurons innervate muscles directly

Answer 25

Lower motor neurons

Question 26

Where are axons of the UMN mainly located

Answer 26

In the lateral white matter of the spinal cord

Question 27

Where are cell bodies of LMN located

Answer 27

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

Question 28

What is a motor unit

Answer 28

Motor neuron and all the muscular motor units that it innervates

Question 29

Do LMN leave the spinal cord anteriorly or posteriorly

Answer 29

Anteriorly - ventrally

Question 30

Where do UMN originate

Answer 30

Motor region of the cerebral cortex or brain stem

Question 31

What do LMN connect

Answer 31

The brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibres bringing nerve impulse from UMN

Question 32

What innervates A) extrafusal muscle and B) intramural muscle

Answer 32

A) alpha motor neurons ( muscle contraction) | B) gamma motor neurons ( body position, proprioception)

Question 33

The lateral CST carries fibres controlling muscles involved in….

Answer 33

Fine muscle control

Question 34

The vestibulospinal tract carries fibres controlling muscle involved in……

Answer 34

Balance and posture

Question 35

The anterior CST mainly supplied which side of the body?

Answer 35

Side contralateral to the originating brain hemisphere

Question 36

The anterior CST is located……. To the anterior horn of grey matter

Answer 36

Antero-medially

Question 37

Which contains more fibres. Lateral CST or anterior CST

Answer 37

Lateral

Question 38

Does the vestibulospinal tract consist of crossed or uncrossed fibres

Answer 38

Uncrossed

Question 39

The vestibulospinal tract maintains……

Answer 39

Balance and head upright

Question 40

How are fibres of the CST arranged

Answer 40

Somatotopically organised Fibres concerned with lower extremity are located laterally Upper extremity are located more medially

Question 41

What is the rubrispinal tract

Answer 41

Crossed system which functions as a less skilled version of the lateral CST

Question 42

The reticulospinal tract originates from cells found in the a)….. and b)…… and may act to faculae or inhibit the activity of various c)…… tracts

Answer 42

a) pons b) medulla c) descending

Question 43

Where are muscle spindles found

Answer 43

Skeletal muscle

Question 44

What are muscle spindles composed of

Answer 44

Intrafusal fibres

Question 45

The middle 1/3 of the spindle is associated with what type of sensory nerves

Answer 45

Type 1a afferent sensory nerves

Question 46

How does the middle 1/3 of the muscle spindle differ from the 2 ends In terms of contracting

Answer 46

Ends are contractile while central portion is non contractile

Question 47

Muscle spindle activity contributes to……?……. Following a stroke

Answer 47

The change in muscle resistance to stretch

Question 48

What detects changed in muscle tension

Answer 48

Golgi tendon organ

Question 49

Where are Golgi tendon organs situated

Answer 49

Junction of skeletal muscle and tendon

Question 50

What do afferent impulses form the go,GI tendon organ result in

Answer 50

Inhibition of the alpha motor neurons of the muscle fibres associated with the activated Golgi tendon organ to regulate muscle tension at a normal range and also to protect the muscle from the overload

Question 51

How does the speed of afferent fibres differ in muscle spindles vs Golgi tendon organs

Answer 51

Faster in muscle spindles

Question 52

Where are small receptive fields found

Answer 52

Areas like the fingers where we have the greatest tactile sensitivity

Question 53

What are cutaneous receptors

Answer 53

Sensory receptors found in the skin | Part of somatosensory system

Question 54

What’s the difference between phasic and tonic receptors

Answer 54

Phasic rapidly adapt | Tonic slowly adapt

Question 55

How are fibres in the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system arranged

Answer 55

Topographically

Question 56

The dorsal column carries info regarding…..

Answer 56

Touch and proprioception

Question 57

Where does the dorsal column lie

Answer 57

In the dorsal/posterior white matter of the spinal cord

Question 58

Where do fibres of the DCML system deccusate

Answer 58

As the tract ascends it deccusates in the medulla then the thalamus

Question 59

How long does the refractory period last

Answer 59

5-10ms

Question 60

Which comes first….relative or absolute refractory period

Answer 60

Absolute

Question 61

In which type of synapse is a synaptic cleft found

Answer 61

Only chemical not electrical

Question 62

Where are most neurotransmitters synthesised

Answer 62

Cell body