Formative

Question 1

Describe the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

Hyperglycaemia
Glucose stays in blood stream and doesn’t go to tissues
Body breaks down fat and protein = weight and muscle loss

Question 2

4 possible clinical signs of diabetes mellitus

Answer 2

PUPD
Glycosuria
Polyphagia
UTI

Question 3

Name 3 diagnostic techniques for diabetes mellitus and rationale for using them.

Answer 3

Urine dipstick - cheap, can be done in-house, quick results

Glucose curve - gives results over the course of a day, can be done in practice, cheap

Fructosamine test - glucose levels tested over 3 weeks so more definitive diagnosis

Question 4

Describe the 2 types of anemia

Answer 4

Regenerative - increased loss of RBC (haemorrhage/haemolysis) but RBC being regenerated

Non-regenerative - erythrocyte production affected, no new RBCs (bone marrow suppression)

Question 5

3 clinical signs associated with osteosarcoma

Answer 5

Lameness
Localised swelling
Lethargy/ exercise intolerance
Anorexic
Pathological fracture

Question 6

What is the causal agent of feline infectious peritonitis?

Answer 6

Feline Corona Virus

Question 7

Describe the pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 7

Muscle wall of ventricle (usually left) is thickened causing the volume of the ventricle to decrease.

This means cardiac output is decreased.

Heart failure in advanced stages.

Question 8

Explain the rationale for selection of ECG and radiography as diagnostics for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 8

ECG - can check for anomalies/arrhythmias in heart rhythm/contractions/cardiac OP

Radiography - can detect enlarged left ventricle

Question 9

Describe the aetiology of megaoesophagus

Answer 9

Congenital in some breeds (red setter)

Secondary to trauma, hypothyroidism, lupus, addisons, FB or PRAA

Question 10

Name the complication associated with megaoesophagus

Answer 10

Regurgitation of undigested food leads to weight loss and possibly aspiration pneumonia.

Question 11

Describe the pathophysiology of megaoesophagus

Answer 11

Abnormal dilation/stretching of the oesophagus

Hypomotility of oesophagus = can’t undertake adequate peristalsis

Question 12

Describe 2 diagnostic techniques for keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Answer 12

History and clinical signs

Shirmer tear test

Question 13

What is the difference between differential and definative diagnosis?

Answer 13

Differential diagnosis - more than one possibility for your diagnosis

Definitive diagnosis - final diagnosis that is made after getting the results of tests

Question 14

Briefly describe the aetiology of canine hyperadrenocorticism

Answer 14

Pituitary tumour = increased production of ACTH

Adrenal tumour = direct increase of cortisol

Question 15

3 clinical signs of chronic renal failure

Answer 15

PUPD

Nocturia

Uraemia = anorexia, V+, lethargy, depression

Weight loss

Dehydration

Oral ulceration/ halitosis

Non-regenerative anaemia = kidney not producing erythropoietin

Question 16

2 diagnostic techniques for chronic renal failure

Answer 16

Biochemistry + electrolytes (high urea, creatinine, phosphorus, potassium)

Haematology (non-regenerative anaemia)

Urinalysis (lower than normal SG)

Radiography/ ultrasound

BP (increased)

Question 17

Aetiology of adenocarcinoma (prostate cancer)

Answer 17

Retained testicle
Older, entire males
Idiopathic

Question 18

Aetiology of EPI

Answer 18

Spontaneous atrophy of pancreatic cells

Secondary to pancreatitis

German shepherd dogs and rough collies predisposed

Question 19

Clinical signs of megacolon

Answer 19

Chronic and recurring constipation

Question 20

Aetiology of megacolon

Answer 20

Congenital
Acquired
Idiopathic
Secondary to spinal disease, pelvis fracture, dehydration
More common in cats