Formative Exam 1

Question 1

True False Information processing theory originated in 2001 with the Cognitive Revolution.

Answer 1

false

Question 2

True False An interest in cognitive neuroscience among researchers preceded an interest in machine intelligence.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

True False Connectionist models mimic processing of digital computers.

Answer 3

true

Question 4

True False Your brain consists of about 10,000 neurons.

Answer 4

false

Question 5

true false vygotsky and Piaget are non complimentary theories

Answer 5

true

Question 6

Based on the YouTube video “Schema Theory” in the Information-Processing module on Blackboard, briefly state how features relate to schema acquisition.

Answer 6

The characteristics otherwise known as features of the dog helped the child visualize and create the schema of “dog” in their head. They are able to see something out in the world and compare the features of it in order to match it with their schema.

Question 7

List the three elements of intelligent systems.

Answer 7

representations
processes
constraints

Question 8

Briefly state how the elements in intelligent systems help to explain cognitive development.

Answer 8

representations are basically our schemas in our mind. Processes are how we acquire information and our constantly coming up with more complex ways of solving problems. The human brain has constraints while things such as AI do not.

Question 9

State an original example of a production rule. Be sure to use the correct format

Answer 9

If you are tired, then you must change into pajamas.
If you are tired and change into pajamas, then you must brush your teeth.
If you are tired and you’ve brushed your teeth and changed into pajamas, then you must turn off your bedroom lights.
If you are tired and you’ve brushed your teeth, changed into pajamas, and turned off the lights, then you must get into bed.

Question 10

In the YouTube video “Andrew Meltzoff on Learning” in the Information- Processing module on Blackboard, Andrew Meltzoff talks about early development. List two points that he makes

Answer 10

children learn more in the first five years of life than we learn in any other 5 years.
The parent is constructing the child basically by interacting with it everyday because their brains are easy to mold.
babies favorite playthings are caretakers because they need social interaction to grow.

Question 11

Briefly, what is an infant’s typical behavior in each of Piaget’s sensorimotor substages?
a. Substage 1: birth – 1 month

Answer 11

infants building on reflexes
sucking
close fingers around objects
turn heads towards noise

Question 12

Briefly, what is an infant’s typical behavior in each of Piaget’s sensorimotor substages?
b. Substage 2: 1- 4 months

Answer 12

action outcomes involve infants own bodies
scratch, grasp, and suck on things they happen to touch

Question 13

Briefly, what is an infant’s typical behavior in each of Piaget’s sensorimotor substages?
c. Substage 3: 4-8 months

Answer 13

interested in action outcomes beyond their bodies
batting balls with hands

Question 14

Briefly, what is an infant’s typical behavior in each of Piaget’s sensorimotor substages?
d. Substage 4: 8-12 months

Answer 14

begin representing objects internally and forming goals
laurent moves matchbox to get at matchbox

Question 15

Briefly, what is an infant’s typical behavior in each of Piaget’s sensorimotor substages?
e. Substage 5: 12-18 months

Answer 15

toddlers actively search for ways to interact with the world

Question 16

Briefly, what is an infant’s typical behavior in each of Piaget’s sensorimotor substages?
f. Substage 6: 18-24 months

Answer 16

transition to representational thought through development of language and imagery

Question 17

Piaget introduced the idea of “deferred imitation.” In Piaget’s work, how is deferred imitation related to development – i.e., developmentally, what does it indicate?

Answer 17

Developmentally it demonstrates a transition to the pre-operational period as they are able to have more mental representations stored.

Question 18

Provide a brief and original example of deferred imitation from your own recent experience.

Answer 18

My friend’s baby watched me snap my finger after saying something and he has never seen that before. the next day my friend sent me a video of him trying to snap after talking to her.

Question 19

Briefly describe how the 3-Mountain task is administered:

Answer 19

kids stood in front of a model of 3 mountains and were shown a picture of different locations on the model, and asked to describe what the other person opposite of them saw on the model.

Question 20

How does the 3-Mountain task demonstrate egocentrism?

Answer 20

the child often assumed that the other person saw what they saw and did not consider where they were sitting and if they had a different scene in front of them.

Question 21

At what age do children typically fail the 3-Mountain task?

Answer 21

4 year olds

Question 22

At what age do they typically pass the 3-Mountain task?

Answer 22

6 year olds
4-7= less egocentric speech

Question 23

In the video, Egocentric Speech – Private Speech on Blackboard, how is the young girl in the video using egocentric speech?

Answer 23

The little girl is self-narrating to herself out loud and not really trying to have a back and forth conversation with the person behind the camera.

Question 24

A Piagetian task is the A-not-B task. Describe the several steps in the A-not-B task.

Answer 24

there is two covers laid out on an a side and a b side, the object is hidden under a and found by child.
the object is hidden under a again and found again by child
last the object is hidden under b, and the child looks under a not the b side thus committing the error.

Question 25

Why do you think 8-month-olds “fail” the A-not-B task?

Answer 25

The child sees the object go under the a side more than once, so their mental representation of the object might be that it will be under there so they do not even think to check b side.

Question 26

The Piagetian conservation tasks signal developmental change in children. Define “conservation” as it relates to the conservation tasks. That is, what did Piaget mean by conservation?

Answer 26

conservation is understanding that the something is not changed just because it looks different. in terms of conservations tasks changing how something such as the number of things, mass, or the distribution of liquid does not change the nature of these things.

Question 27

Choose a conservation task (e.g., liquid, number, solid quantity). Describe the task in 3 steps.

Answer 27

liquid you start with two glasses full of the same amount of water and ask if they are the same then say watch what I do and pour one glass into a taller, thinner glass last ask if they have the same amount of water or a different amount

Question 28

What are the typical ages for mastery of these conservation tasks: a. liquid b. solid quantity (mass) c. weights

Answer 28

a.7 b.8 c. 10

Question 29

Briefly describe an original example of a class inclusion problem. How would a pre-operational child respond to your task – What would the child say?

Answer 29

there are two strawberries and 4 blueberries, are there more strawberries or blueberries, child says blueberries; are there more fruits or blueberries, child would say blueberries because they have and issue with seeing things beyond single dimension

Question 30

Briefly connect (relate) performance in the figure on the left to socio-cultural theory. (categorization model)

Answer 30

the figure relates to the idea that learning is most effective when the adult guides the child's learning which is what vygostky says.

Question 31

What is a child asked to do in the task depicted on the left? (the lines)

Answer 31

children asked to seriate the lines and then insert one in according to that seriation. The child struggles because they are seeing a single dimension problem

Question 32

Piaget was interested in children’s ability to coordinate multiple dimensions. Briefly explain how the matrix of colored shapes in the figure tests the ability of children to mentally coordinate multiple dimensions.

Answer 32

the child has to mentally coordinate the figure by color and shapes and find a pattern there in order to correctly guess the pink oval for the task.

Question 33

What age range is associated with the figure on the left? (tertiary circular reactions)

Answer 33

12- 18 months

Question 34

Briefly state two essential principles underlying socio-cultural theories of development

Answer 34

social interaction plays an important role in learning language is an essential tool in the learning process learning occurs within the Zone of Proximal Development.

Question 35

Briefly state a cultural norm that was part of your childhood development.

Answer 35

ride bikes around the neighborhood until the sun sets.

Question 36

Briefly describe a cultural norm that was part of your high school experience

Answer 36

go to the football game every Friday night with friends

Question 37

Briefly describe an example of recent contingent interaction in your recent experience.

Answer 37

I sold my car to buy a new one

Question 38

a. List something that you are currently learning that is in your ZPD b. Briefly, why do you consider it in your ZPD?

Answer 38

a. I am learning how to speak fluent Spanish b. it is in my ZPD because I need guidance in order to help me achieve fluency by conerstaing with others.

Question 39

a. Based on socio-cultural theory, list two original examples of technical tools.

Answer 39

drills ladder

Question 40

List two original examples of psychological tools.

Answer 40

tv sheets of music

Question 41

Greenfield (1984) documented scaffolding in Mayan women. What is scaffolding, using the example of the Mayan women?

Answer 41

scaffolding is when children are assisted by adults in learning and as the children gain skill, the scaffolding is removed in the mayan women girls who were inexperienced with weaving had more assistance than girls with more experience

Question 42

Develop and describe an original example of scaffolded instruction involving children.

Answer 42

child is learning how to dress, adult helps child learn ideas of proper outfits, as the child learns to put an outfit together on their own, the scaffolding is removed and the adult no longer helps

Question 43

List 3 ways of learning, based on sociocultural development.

Answer 43

imitation instructed learning collaborative learning

Question 44

True False: Children learn more from adults than peers when learning new skills.

Answer 44

true

Question 45

True False: Children learn more from older siblings than from older non-siblings.

Answer 45

true

Question 46

True False: Conflicting views in peer collaborations propel the children to new insights.

Answer 46

true

Question 47

Why do Chinese children have higher performance than US children, as shown in the figure on the left?

Answer 47

Because Chinese children have a consistent pattern for learning while English has arbitrary terms for numbers.