FORMATIVE REVIEW Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Changes in personality, anhedonia, and loss of conversation points to what?
A
Fronto-temporal dementia
2
Q
Which medication is first-line in absence seizures?
A
Ethosuximide
3
Q
Which medication is first line in focal seizures?
A
Carbamazepine
4
Q
First line treatment of hyperkalaemia?
A
Calcium gluconate 30ml 10%
5
Q
Immediate management for TIA?
A
Aspirin (anti platelet)
6
Q
When is alteplase used?
A
Ischaemic stroke within 4.5h
7
Q
What are the side effects of imipramine?
A
Dry mouth and constipation (anti-cholinergic effects)
8
Q
How do tricyclics work?
A
Block the reuptake of monoamines into the presynaptic terminals
9
Q
What is first line for trigeminal neuralgia?
A
Carbamazepine
10
Q
Which nerve palsy if patient can’t abduct right eye?
A
6th Cranial Nerve palsy (abducens)
11
Q
Which infective organism causes croup?
A
Parainfluenza virus
12
Q
What is first line in mild croup?
A
Dexamethasone
13
Q
What does RSV cause?
A
Bronchiolitis
14
Q
What is the macula responsible for?
A
Central vision
15
Q
What is the presentation of bilateral central scotoma?
A
Poor vision, bilateral macular degeneration, peripheral retina healthy
16
Q
What is 1st line med for sciatica?
A
Naproxen
17
Q
What’s second line for sciatica?
A
Gabapentin
18
Q
What is the correct pathological term for a keratin layer with retained nuclei as seen in psoriasis?
A
Parakeratosis
19
Q
What suggests tram track appearance?
A
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
20
Q
What shows glomerular crescents?
A
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
21
Q
The presence of phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies makes the diagnosis of …?
A
Membranous nephropathy
22
Q
What is section 47 for?
A
Section 47 pertains to the incapacity in relation to medical procedures.
23
Q
How to distinguish mental health acts from incapacity?
A
Must have mental health issue for mental health act
24
Q
Lymphocytic pleocytosis found in which condition?
A
Tuberculosis meningitis
25
Tau proteins and amyloid proteins found where?
Alzheimer’s
26
What type of medication can cause abdominal pain radiating to the back with deranged LFTs?
GLP-1a induced pancreatitis
27
What’s first line for IIH?
Acetazolamide
28
What’s first line imaging for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?
USS
29
Diagnose this: inflammation, fibrosis of lungs, end-inspiratory crepitations, finger clubbing and pleural effusion
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
30
Guess the substance: A 64-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease attends general practice for blood tests. One of the substances being measured is filtered at the glomerulus, partly reabsorbed, and not secreted. The glomerular filtration rate for this substance is greater than the clearance rate.
Urea
31
What is freely filtered at the glomerulus but neither absorbed nor secreted?
Creatinine and inulin
32
Which heart chamber is affected with aortic regurgitation?
Left ventricle
33
First line management for Guillain barre?
Plasma exchange
34
First line for focal seizures?
Lamotrigine
35
Which thrombolytic agent to use within 4.5h of ischaemic stroke?
Alteplase
36
When is clozapine used?
Reserved for treatment resistant schizophrenia
37
First line for schizophrenia?
Oral aripiprazole
38
What causes unilateral, foul smelling nasal discharge in a 4 year old?
Foreign body
39
What causes watery diarrhoea in a care home setting?
Norovirus
40
Which renal cancer is mahogany brown with a white stellate scar in the centre?
Oncocytoma
41
Which renal cancer is the most aggressive and has a desmoplastic stroma?
Collecting duct carcinoma
42
What type of brain herniation causes 3rd nerve palsy?
Uncal herniation
43
What type of herniation causes motor and or sensory weakness due to anterior cerebral artery compression?
Subfalcine herniation
44
Which type of herniation can cause respiratory distress and death?
Cerebellar tonsillar
45
What injury could cause decreased external rotation of shoulder?
Frozen shoulder
46
Diagnose this: pain, weakness in right arm and sensation intact, difficulty abducting but external rotation preserved – all symptoms weeks after shoulder dislocation.
Rotator cuff tear
47
What’s the prophylaxis for migraines without aura?
Amitriptyline
48
Can women of childbearing age be prescribed topiramate?
No – teratogenic
49
How to treat status epilepticus?
2 benzodiazepines then 1 dose phenytoin
50
How to manage side effects of SSRIs?
Add mirtazapine
51
What gives a clue between depressive disorder diagnosis and schizophrenia?
2nd vs 3rd person hallucinations
52
Which medications should be stopped in hypomania?
Antidepressants – as improve mood
53
Severe painful red eye, headache blurred vision and nausea, fixed dilated pupil that feels hard on palpation – diagnose this
Acute angle closure glaucoma
54
Which is best imaging to do to confirm diagnosis of analgesia nephropathy?
CT scan of kidneys
55
What does high sodium and chloride mean on sweat test of a child?
Cystic fibrosis
56
What’s the mechanism of action of furosemide?
Blocks Na+ K+ Cl- co-transporter
57
How does ALS present?
Combination of upper and lower motor signs, muscle fasciculations, weakness, brisk reflexes
58
How does progressive muscular atrophy present?
Lower motor signs
59
How does primary lateral sclerosis present?
Upper motor neurone signs
60
How does progressive bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy present?
Damage to cranial nerves 9, 10 and 12 and presents with dysphagia.
61
How to treat renal stones under 10mm?
Medical expulsion therapy
62
Describe how lacunar stroke presents?
Pure motor effect
63
How does total anterior stroke presents?
Unilateral weakness +/ sensory deficit of face, arm and leg, Homogenous hemianopia, Higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphagia)
64
How does a partial anterior circulation stroke present?
Unilateral weakness +/ sensory deficit of face, arm and leg, Homogenous hemianopia, Higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphagia)
65
How does a posterior circulation stroke present?
Cranial nerve palsy and contralateral motor/sensory deficit, Bilateral motor/sensory deficits, Eye movement disorder, Cerebellar dysfunction, Isolated homonymous hemianopia
66
How is anorexia nervosa different to atypical anorexia?
Atypical – normal BMI, Typical – low BMI
67
Define akathisia
Restlessness
68
Which heart artery is responsible for inferior MI?
Right coronary artery – leads 2, 3, AVF
69
How does Primary Biliary Cholangitis present?
Commoner in women 30s, fatigue, itching, right upper quadrant discomfort, jaundice, xanthelasma
70
How to treat Primary Biliary Cholangitis?
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) — slows progression, improves survival
71
Diagnose this: A 52 year old man has had dysuria, increased urinary frequency and general malaise for the last five months. In the last few days he has noticed small amounts of blood in his urine. Abdominal examination is unremarkable. Urinalysis shows neutrophils 2+. Culture of urine is negative.
Tuberculosis – sterile pyuria
72
acute management for cluster headaches?
high flow oxygen and SC SUMATRIPTAN
73
what is prophylactic for migraines
propranolol
74
what is prophylactic for migraines in asthmatics
amitriptylline
75
name a prodromal feature of parkinson's?
hyposmia
76
what's the commonest cause of meningitis?
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal)
77
name a gram negative diplococcus
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal)
78
who contracts Listeria
monocytogenes commonly?
older people
79
what is given to prevent cluster headaches?
verapamil
80
diagnose this: mixed upper and lower motor signs in the absence of sensory symptoms
MND
81
which spinal pathway is affected in b12 deficiency?
dorsal column (fine touch and proprioception)
82
83
first line in parkinsons's
levodopa
84
effect of riluzole?
prolongs life by 3 months in MND
85
What is carbamazepine used for?
anti-psychotic - epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia
86
taper or direct switch with SSRIs (depression)
direct switch
87
does floxetine need withdrawal or not?
needs withdrawal due to longer half-life (serotonin syndrome) risk
88
alcohol use tool?
A-AUDIT tool
89
which type of prolapse in woman post-hysterectomy?
vaginal vault
90
benefits of progesterone only pill?
lighter periods, ease endometriotic pain, can be taken during breastfeeding
91
wh is copper IUD contra-indicated in?
women with heavy periods
92
treatment of bacterial vaginosis
metronidazole
93
treatment of small pituitary mass?
cabergoline
94
treatment of large pituitary mass?
transphenoidal surgery
95
what causes chronic myeloid leukaemia?
formation of philadelphia chromosome - 9 and 22 translocation
96
what are symptoms of TRALI?
pulmonary oedema and SOB, hypotensive
97
symptoms of TACO?
acute respiratory distress, tachycardia, increased blood pressure, and evidence of fluid overload - commoner in elderly and heart failure
98
what to suspect and do in older male with brown bleeding?
GI cancer - Lower GI endoscopy
99
which clotting factors inhibited by warfarin?
2,7,9,and 10
100
what cells present in CLL
Smudge cells
101
immature lymphocytes present where?
in Acute lymphoid leukaemia
102
philadelphia chromosome present in which leukaemia?
CLL
103
Mature lymphocytes present in which leukaemia?
CLL
104
oxybutynin used in?
overactive bladder
105
tolterodine used in?
urge incontinence
106
what is function of oligodendrocytes?
produce fatty myelin layer in CNS - help with nerve conduction
107
what are microglia
phagocytes in CNS
108
what do astrocytes form?
BBB, regulate blood supply to neurones in CNS
109
what do Schwann cells do?
produce myelin in PNS
110
which inherited disorder make DVT?
factor V leiden (DVT - V)
111
define baby blues
sad within no more than 2 weeks of birth
112
woody uterus
placental abruption
113
what's a risk factor for placental abruption?
smoking
114
painless bleed in pregnancy
placenta praevia
115
severe blood loss during labour and PPH - no symptoms during pregnancy
placenta accreta
116
sudden bleeding upon membrane rupture?
vasa praevia
117
stage 1 cervical cancer and no more kids - what treatment?
radical hysterectomy
118
gonorrhoea treatment?
IM ceftriaxone
119
chlamydia treatment?
doxycycline
120
trichomoniasis treatment
metronidazole
121
syphilis treatment
IM penicillin
122
where is caudate atrophy found.
huntington's disease
123
prions cause?
creutzfeldt-Jacob
124
reckless behaviour and excessive spending? hypo or hypermania?
hypermania
125
management of pyelonephritis?
IV antibiotics and IV fluids
126
treatment of PPH?
Tranexamic acid
127
hard stool which laxative
ispaghula husk
128
mins to hours of new antipsychotic causes involuntary jerking
acute dystonia
129
long term use of antipsychotics side effect
tardive dyskinesia
130
which clotrimazole type to give to preganncy woman
Vaginal pessary
131
whats first line investigation for MS
Spine MRI
132
