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1
Q

What are the six activities involved in Planning and Designing Surveys?

A

• Data requirements
• Data generation method
• Sampling frame
• Sampling technique
• Response rate and non-responses
• Sample size

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2
Q

What are the data generation methods for survey-based research?

A

• Questionnaires
• Interviews
• Observation
• Documents

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3
Q

Define Induction in the context of research.

A

Induction is a process that involves starting from observations to draw general conclusions and create models, hypotheses, and theories.

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4
Q

What are validity threats in experiments?

A

Validity threats are sources that can affect the validity of experiments, typically divided into two variants.

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5
Q

What are Cultural Probes?

A

Cultural probes are packages designed to provoke inspirational responses and learn about unfamiliar cultures.

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6
Q

What constitutes Qualitative Data?

A

Qualitative data involves non-numerical data such as words, pictures, and sounds.

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7
Q

List the general data generation methods mentioned.

A

• Interviews
• Observation
• Questionnaires
• Documents

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8
Q

Describe the process for analyzing text-based qualitative data.

A

It involves an initial reading followed by categorizing into irrelevant, context, and Research Question categories, focusing on segment analysis.

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9
Q

What is Thematic Analysis?

A

Thematic analysis is a method for analyzing qualitative data, identifying themes or metaphors from text segments.

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10
Q

What is Design and Creation Research (DCR/DSR)?

A

DCR/DSR is a research strategy that involves creating and evaluating an artifact.

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11
Q

Identify the four artifact types in Design Science Research according to March and Smith (1995).

A

• Constructs
• Models
• Methods
• Instantiations

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12
Q

What does Oates define as Research?

A

Research is the creation of new knowledge using an appropriate process.

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13
Q

What are the objectives of a Literature Review?

A

• Show awareness of existing work
• Place research in context
• Point out strengths and weaknesses
• Identify key issues
• Suggest theories or methods

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14
Q

What are effective Literature Search Strategies?

A

• Begin with a broad overview
• Read titles and abstracts
• Use keywords
• Employ snowballing methods

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15
Q

What should be included in documenting literature?

A

• Main points of the article
• Relevant aspects to research focus
• Bibliographical details

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16
Q

What is the difference between Inductive and Deductive research?

A

Inductive research starts from observations to draw conclusions; Deductive research starts from existing knowledge to predict observations.

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17
Q

What are the strengths of Semi-structured interviews?

A

Good for exploring attitudes and experiences with defined themes and flexibility in order.

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18
Q

What is the primary focus of a Qualitative approach?

A

To create a greater understanding of a real area rather than producing explanations.

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19
Q

What factors influence the choice of research methodology?

A

• Research goals
• Research questions
• Researcher’s beliefs
• Available time and resources

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20
Q

What are the risks associated with using Surveys?

A

• Misunderstandings
• Low response rates
• Delayed responses

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21
Q

What is the main focus of the Design and creation research strategy?

A

The development of new IT products, known as artifacts.

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22
Q

What types of Documents can be used as a data generation method?

A

• Existing documents
• Research-generated documents

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23
Q

What is a requirement for effective problem-solving in research?

A

Knowledge of the state of the problem and any current solutions and their effectiveness

This highlights the importance of understanding existing conditions before proposing new solutions.

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24
Q

Describe the third activity in Peffers’ DSRM.

A

Activity 3: Design and Development. In this stage, the artifact is designed and created based on the desired functionality and architecture. This activity involves requirements like tools, resources, and knowledge of necessary theory, and may include prototyping, design iterations, and user testing. The artifact developed can be a construct, model, method, or instantiation.

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25
Describe the fourth activity in Peffers' DSRM.
Activity 4: Demonstration. This activity involves demonstrating the use of the artifact to solve one or more instances of the problem. This can be done through experimentation, simulation, case study, proof, or other appropriate activities. The requirement for this stage is the ability to apply the artifact correctly and effectively with respect to the given problem.
26
Describe the fifth activity in Peffers' DSRM.
Activity 5: Evaluation. The artifact is evaluated according to predefined evaluation criteria, which are typically defined in Activity #2. Evaluation criteria can include Accuracy, Performance, Functionality, Usability, Consistency, and Accessibility. The evaluation can be qualitative or quantitative, and it may involve software testing methods like black-box and white-box testing.
27
Describe the sixth activity in Peffers' DSRM.
Activity 6: Communication. This activity involves communicating the research, typically by writing a paper or thesis. The communication should cover the problem and its importance, the artifact (its utility and novelty), the rigor of its design, and its effectiveness. A requirement is knowledge about the disciplinary culture.
28
What are the three cycles in the Three cycle model of DSR, and how do they relate to DCRM activities?
The Three cycle model suggests iterating certain sets of activities to improve work quality: * Relevance cycle: Aims to improve motivation and goals, revisiting DCRM activities 1 and 2. * Rigor cycle: Aims to add knowledge and scope of innovation, revisiting DCRM activities 2 and 3. * Design cycle: Involves improving the design after evaluation, revisiting DCRM activities 3 through 6.
29
What are some academic qualities that differentiate Design Science Research from non-scientific design?
DSR has academic qualities such as: * Novelty * Motivation of relevancy * Argument & comparison * Data collection & analysis * Documentation * Peer-review.
30
What is the primary purpose of a literature review in research?
The literature review serves as an argument providing evidence that the research topic is important, demonstrating awareness of existing work, contextualizing the research, identifying gaps, and suggesting relevant theories, methods, or algorithms.
31
What are some recommended sources of literature for research?
Recommended sources include: * Peer-reviewed journal articles * Conference/workshop articles * Credible books * Dissertations. Sources to use with caution include reports (market, consultant, government) and magazines, newspapers, manuals, radio, or TV.
32
What are some common flaws in literature reviews?
Common flaws include: * Inadequate reference list * Lack of coherent presentation.
33
How should a literature review be structured?
A literature review should be structured based on content (concept-centric) rather than authors (author-centric).
34
What are some advantages of Design Science Research?
Advantages of DSR include: * Creation of a tangible end-product * Quick lead to concrete business opportunities * Suitability for research in creative and problem-solving areas.
35
What are some drawbacks of Design Science Research, and how can they be addressed?
Drawbacks of DSR include: * Difficulty generalizing an artifact * High technical skill requirements * Questions on differentiation from 'normal' design. These can be addressed by considering generality, good documentation, and adhering to established methodologies.
36
What are cultural probes?
Packages of materials such as maps, postcards, and other items, designed to provoke inspirational responses.
37
What kind of data collection artifacts are associated with cultural probes?
Artifacts include: * Disposable cameras * Diaries with instructions * Postcards * Prototypes (Technology probes) * Personalised greeting cards * Voice recorders.
38
Why are cultural probes used?
They are a good way of gaining understanding of an unfamiliar group of people or culture.
39
What is a characteristic of results obtained using methods like cultural probes?
These methods do not produce generalisable results. Instead, they yield rich narratives that can serve as lessons for future research.
40
What is required of the researcher when using methods that produce rich narratives?
These practices require reflexivity and commitment from the researcher.
41
What is the most common approach in Qualitative (QUAL) analysis?
Lifting out verbal, visual, or audio themes from collected data.
42
Can quantitative analysis methods be used on qualitative data?
Yes, it is possible.
43
What are some demands QUAL analysis places on the researcher?
It requires: * Ability to see patterns in data * Manage data volumes * Energy and time to process large amounts of data.
44
What are the initial steps for analyzing text-based data?
Have the material available, organize the material, and conduct an initial read-through.
45
In text-based data analysis, how can you initially categorize the material?
Using three initial categories: irrelevant, context, and research question (RQ).
46
How is thematic analysis of text-based data conducted after initial categorization?
Focus in-depth on the RQ category, analyze in segments, and apply labels to each segment.
47
What is the difference between deductive and inductive approaches in qualitative analysis?
Deductive: Theory is developed to explain observed phenomena. Inductive: Data is collected to develop a theory.
48
What can be done after establishing categories/labels in text-based data analysis?
Large categories can be divided into smaller sub-categories and connections between categories can be examined.
49
After finding patterns in qualitative data, what is the next step?
To explain the patterns found by linking explanations to existing theory or constructing new theory.
50
Why is the analysis of non-textual data increasingly important?
Because access to such data is increasing.
51
What are some considerations when analyzing non-textual data?
Prepare the data, find themes, and consider the cultural context.
52
What aspects can be examined when analyzing non-textual data?
Aspects include: * Denotation * Connotation * Production * Author * Observer.
53
What are some advantages of Qualitative (QUAL) data analysis?
The data and its analysis are detailed and allow for multiple interpretations.
54
What are some disadvantages of Qualitative (QUAL) data analysis?
Large data volumes can be discouraging and finding themes can be more difficult.
55
How does Oates define research?
"Research is the creation of new knowledge, using an appropriate process, to the satisfaction of the users of the research."
56
What are some reasons for conducting research?
Reasons include: * Increase knowledge * Solve a problem * Investigate what happens * Create understanding of people.
57
What are the main steps in a typical research process?
Steps include: * Problem formulation and purpose * Study design * Data collection * Analysis * Presentation.
58
What is the Survey research strategy?
Systematically collecting data from a large group of people to look for patterns.
59
What is the Design and Creation research strategy?
Creating new IT products (artifacts) such as constructs, models, methods, or instantiations.
60
What is the Experiment research strategy?
Investigating the relationship between cause and effect.
61
What is the Case Study research strategy?
Studying a specific entity for a longer period to provide detailed insight.
62
What is the Action Research strategy?
The researcher plans to do something in a real-world setting, reflects on the outcome, and repeats the process until a solution is found.
63
What is the Ethnography research strategy?
Investigating and describing people and cultures.
64
What is the primary difference between a deductive and inductive approach to research?
Deductive research starts with a theory and tests it with observations, while inductive research starts with observations and builds a theory from them.
65
Describe one potential pitfall when analyzing text-based qualitative data.
Missing other important themes in the material or struggling to find 'true' labels due to overlapping or complex concepts.
66
What is the main purpose of a literature review in the research process?
To show that the research topic is important, that it’s not just repeating previous work, and that the study will contribute new knowledge.
67
Give an example of how you might narrow down a broad research topic like 'generative AI in programming.'
Focusing specifically on the use of generative AI for debugging code written in a particular programming language, such as Python.
68
What is an ethnographic study?
An ethnographic study involves examining and describing people and cultures.
69
Name one aspect Emelie could focus on in her study of smart energy meters.
How users’ daily routines incorporate the smart energy meter.
70
Explain the difference between basic research and applied research.
Basic research seeks to increase fundamental knowledge without immediate practical goals, while applied research has practical aims, using that knowledge to solve specific problems.
71
What does a low standard deviation in quantitative data imply about the data points?
Data points are clustered closely around the mean, showing little variability.
72
What is the primary challenge associated with using experiments as a research strategy?
Establishing reliable cause-and-effect relationships, as controlled environments may not fully reflect real-world complexity.
73
What is a key characteristic that successful research papers usually possess?
They are grounded in a scientific problem and build upon existing work, presenting their contribution as a 'reply in a debate.'
74
What ethical consideration is covered by 'Informed Consent' in research involving humans?
Participants are fully aware of the study’s nature, risks, and benefits, and voluntarily agree to participate.
75
What is meant by the protection of 'weak' groups in research ethics?
The ethical need to protect individuals who cannot give their own consent or who are in a position where it is difficult for them to refuse participation.
76
What are key ethical themes related to the handling of data?
Ethical considerations regarding how data concerning people is obtained and managed.
77
What does research misconduct encompass?
Serious issues like theft of data, falsifications, manipulations of data, and plagiarism.
78
What does 'Conflicts of interest' refer to in research ethics?
Conflicts between a researcher's personal interests and their duties as a researcher.
79
What is the definition of 'Qualitative' research?
Inriktad på kvalitet, natur och karaktär.
80
What is the definition of 'Quantitative' research?
Inriktad på siffror, mätbarhet och statistik.
81
Fill in the blank: The process of clearly defining the research problem is known as _______.
Problemformulering
82
What are 'Research questions'?
Specific questions the study aims to answer.
83
What is 'Methodology' in research?
The methods and principles used in the research.
84
What is the purpose of a 'Literature review'?
A systematic review of previous research.
85
What does 'Informed consent' mean in research?
Participants understand and voluntarily agree to participate.
86
What are the main types of research strategies?
* Survey * Design and Creation * Experiment * Case Study * Action Research * Ethnography
87
What is a 'Case study'?
A deep study of a specific phenomenon over time.

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