Foundation Level Flashcards
Which one of the following answers describes a test condition?
a) A distinguishing characteristic of a component or system
b) A testable aspect of a component or system identified as a basis for testing
c) The degree to which a software product provides functions which meet stated and implied
needs when the software is used under specified conditions
d) Test cases designed to execute combinations of conditions and actions resulting from them
a) Is not correct. Definition of feature according to glossary
b) Is correct. From glossary
c) Is not correct. Definition of functionality suitability according to glossary
d) Is not correct. Like Definition of Decision table testing according to
glossary
Which of the following statements is a valid objective for testing?
a) The test should start as late as possible so that development had enough time to create a
good product
b) To validate whether the test object works as expected by the users and other stakeholders
c) To prove that all possible defects are identified
d) To prove that any remaining defects will not cause any failures
a) Is not correct. Contradiction to principle 3: “Early testing saves time and
money”
b) Is correct. This is one objective of testing
c) Is not correct. Principle #2 states that exhaustive testing is impossible,
so one can never prove that all defects were identified
d) Is not correct. To make an assessment whether a defect will cause a
failure or not, one must detect the defect first. Saying that no remaining
defect will cause a failure implicitly means that all defects were found.
This again contradicts principle #2
Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between testing and
debugging?
a) Testing identifies the source of defects; debugging analyzes the defects and proposes
prevention activities
b) Dynamic testing shows failures caused by defects; debugging eliminates the defects, which
are the source of failures
c) Testing removes faults; but debugging removes defects that cause the faults
d) Dynamic testing prevents the causes of failures; debugging removes the failures
a) Is not correct. Testing does not identify the source of defects,
debugging identifies the source of defects
b) Is correct. Dynamic testing can show failures that are caused by defects
in the software. Debugging eliminates the defects, which are the source
of failures
c) Is not correct. Testing does not remove faults, but debugging removes
faults, which is synonyms for defects, that may cause the failures
d) Is not correct. Dynamic testing does not directly prevent the causes of
failures (defects) but detects the presence of defects
Which one of the statements below describes the most common situation for a failure discovered
during testing or in production?
a) The product crashed when the user selected an option in a dialog box
b) The wrong version of a compiled source code file was included in the build
c) The computation algorithm used the wrong input variables
d) The developer misinterpreted the requirement for the algorithm
a) Is correct. A crash is clearly noticeable by the user
b) Is not correct. This is a defect, not a failure since there is something
wrong in the code. It may not result in a visible or noticeable failure, for
example if the changes in the source code file are only in comments
c) Is not correct. The use of wrong input variables may not result in a
visible or noticeable failure, for example if nobody uses this particular
algorithm; or if the wrong input variable has a similar value to the
correct input variable; or if the FALSE result of the algorithm is not used
d) Is not correct. This type of fault will not necessarily lead to a failure; for
example, if no one uses this special algorithm
Mr. Test has been testing software applications on mobile devices for a period of 5 years. He has a
wealth of experience in testing mobile applications and achieves better results in a shorter time
than others. Over several months, Mr. Test did not modify the existing automated test cases and
did not create any new test cases. This leads to fewer and fewer defects being found by executing
the tests. What principle of testing did Mr. Test not observe?
a) Testing depends on the environment
b) Exhaustive testing is not possible
c) Repeating of same tests will not find new defects
d) Defects cluster together
a) Is not correct. Testing is context dependent, regardless of it being
manual or automated (principle #6), but does not result in detecting a
decreasing number of faults as described above
b) Is not correct. Exhaustive testing is impossible, regardless of the
amount of effort put into testing (principle #2)
c) Is correct. Principle #5 says “If the same tests are repeated over and
over again, eventually these tests no longer find any new defects. To
detect new defects, existing tests and test data may need changing,
and new tests may need to be written.” Automated regression testing of
the same test cases will not bring new findings
d) Is not correct. ”Defect cluster together” (principle #4). A small number of
modules usually contain most of the defects, but this does not mean
that fewer and fewer defects will be found
In what way can testing be part of Quality Assurance?
a) It ensures that requirements are detailed enough
b) Testing reduces the risk of poor software quality
c) It ensures that standards in the organization are followed
d) It measures the quality of software in terms of number of executed test cases
a) Is not correct. Static testing (reviews) contributes, but could not ensure,
that requirements are detailed enough
b) Is correct. Testing contributes to the achievement of quality in a variety
of ways, e.g., such as reducing the risk of inadequate software quality
c) Is not correct. This is quality assurance but not testing
d) Is not correct. The quality cannot be measured by counting the number
of executed test cases without knowing the outcome
Which of the following activities is part of the main activity “test analysis” in the test process?
a) Identifying any required infrastructure and tools
b) Creating test suites from test scripts
c) Analyzing lessons learned for process improvement
d) Evaluating the test basis for testability
a) Is not correct. This activity is performed during the test design activity
(test design)
b) Is not correct. This activity is performed during the test implementation
activity (test implementation)
c) Is not correct. This activity is performed during the test completion
activity (test completion)
d) Is correct. This activity is performed during the test analysis activity (test
analysis)
Match the following test work products (1-4) with the right description (A-D).
1. Test suite
2. Test case
3. Test script
4. Test charter
A. A set of test scripts to be executed in a specific test run
B. A set of instructions for the execution of a test
C. Contains expected results
D. Documentation of test activities in session-based exploratory testing
a) 1A, 2C, 3B, 4D
b) 1D, 2B, 3A, 4C
c) 1A, 2C, 3D, 4B
d) 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A
Glossary defines the following tests as:
* Test suite: “A set of test scripts or test procedures to be executed in
a specific test run.” (1A)
* Test case: “A set of preconditions, inputs, actions (where
applicable), expected results and post conditions, developed based
on test conditions” (2C)
* Test script: “A sequence of instructions for the execution of a test”
(3B)
* Test charter: “Documentation of test activities in session-based
exploratory testing” (4D)
Thus:
a) Is correct
b) Is not correct
c) Is not correct
d) Is not correct
How can white-box testing be applied during user acceptance testing?
a) To check if large volumes of data can be transferred between integrated systems
b) To check if all code statements and code decision paths have been executed
c) To check if all work process flows have been covered
d) To cover all web page navigations
a) Is not correct. Relevant for integration testing
b) Is not correct. Relevant for component testing
c) Is correct. For acceptance testing, tests are designed to cover all
workflows defined in the functional requirements documents.
d) Is not correct. Relevant for system testing
Which of the following statements comparing component testing and system testing is TRUE?
a) Component testing verifies the functionality of software modules, program objects, and
classes that are separately testable, whereas system testing verifies interfaces between
components and interactions between different parts of the system
b) Test cases for component testing are usually derived from component specifications,
design specifications, or data models, whereas test cases for system testing are usually
derived from requirement specifications or use cases
c) Component testing only focuses on functional characteristics, whereas system testing
focuses on functional and non-functional characteristics
d) Component testing is the responsibility of the testers, whereas system testing typically is
the responsibility of the users of the system
a) Is not correct. System testing does not test interfaces between
components and interactions between different parts of the system; this
is a target of integration tests
b) Is correct. Examples of work products that can be used as a test basis
for component testing include detailed design, code, data model,
component specifications. Examples of work products for system
testing include system and software requirement specifications
(functional and non-functional) use cases
c) Is not correct. Component testing does not ONLY focus on functional
characteristics
d) Is not correct. Component tests are also executed by developers,
whereas system testing typically is the responsibility of (independent)
testers
Which one of the following is TRUE?
a) The purpose of regression testing is to check if the correction has been successfully
implemented, while the purpose of confirmation testing is to confirm that the correction has
no side effects
b) The purpose of regression testing is to detect unintended side effects, while the purpose of
confirmation testing is to check if the system is still working in a new environment
c) The purpose of regression testing is to detect unintended side effects, while the purpose of
confirmation testing is to check if the original defect has been fixed
d) The purpose of regression testing is to check if the new functionality is working, while the
purpose of confirmation testing is to check if the original defect has been fixed
a) Is not correct. Regression testing does not check successful
implementation of corrections and confirmation testing does not check
for side effects
b) Is not correct. The statement about confirmation testing should be
about regression testing
c) Is correct. See reasons from incorrect answers
d) Is not correct. Testing new functionality is not regression testing
Which one of the following is the BEST definition of an incremental development model?
a) Defining requirements, designing software and testing are done in phases where in each
phase a piece of the system is added
b) A phase in the development process should begin when the previous phase is complete
c) Testing is viewed as a separate phase which takes place after development has been
completed
d) Testing is added to development as an increment
a) Is correct. Incremental development involves establishing requirements,
designing, building, and testing a system in pieces
b) Is not correct. This is a sequential model
c) Is not correct. This describes the waterfall model
d) Is not correct. Testing alone is not an increment/additional step in the
development
Which of the following should NOT be a trigger for maintenance testing?
a) Decision to test the maintainability of the software
b) Decision to test the system after migration to a new operating platform
c) Decision to test if archived data is possible to be retrieved
d) Decision to test after “hot fixes”
a) Is correct. This is maintainability testing, not maintenance testing
b) Is not correct. This is a trigger for maintenance testing: Operational
tests of the new environment as well as of the changed software
c) Is not correct. This is the trigger for maintenance testing: testing
restore/retrieve procedures after archiving for long retention periods
d) Is not correct. This is the trigger for maintenance testing: Reactive
modification of a delivered software product to correct emergency
defects that have caused actual failures
Which of the following options are roles in a formal review?
a) Developer, Moderator, Review leader, Reviewer, Tester
b) Author, Moderator, Manager, Reviewer, Developer
c) Author, Manager, Review leader, Reviewer, Designer
d) Author, Moderator, Review leader, Reviewer, Scribe
a) Is not correct. Tester and developer are NOT roles in a formal review
b) Is not correct. Developer is NOT a role in a formal review
c) Is not correct. Designer is NOT a role in a formal review
d) Is correct. See reasons from incorrect answers
Which activities are carried out within the planning of a formal review?
a) Collection of metrics for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the review
b) Answer any questions the participants may have
c) Definition and Verification of fulfillment of entry criteria for the review
d) Evaluation of the review findings against the exit criteria
a) Is not correct. ‘Collection of metrics’ belongs to the main activity “Fixing
and Reporting”
b) Is not correct. ‘Answer any question.’ belongs to the main activity
“Initiate Review”
c) Is correct. The checking of entry criteria takes place in the planning of a
formal review
d) Is not correct. The evaluation of the review findings against the exit
criteria belongs to the main activity “Issue communication and analysis”
Which of the review types below is the BEST option to choose when the review must follow a
formal process based on rules and checklists?
a) Informal Review
b) Technical Review
c) Inspection
d) Walkthrough
a) Is not correct. Informal review does not use a formal process
b) Is not correct. Use of checklists are optional
c) Is correct. Inspection is a formal process based on rules and checklists
d) Is not correct. Does not explicitly require a formal process and the use
of checklists is optional
Which of the following statements about static testing are MOST true?
a) Static testing is a cheap way to detect and remove defects
b) Static testing makes dynamic testing less challenging
c) Static testing makes it possible to find run-time problems early in the lifecycle
d) When testing safety-critical system, static testing has less value because dynamic testing
finds the defects better
a) Is correct. Defects found early are often much cheaper to remove than
defects detected later in the lifecycle
b) Is not correct. Dynamic testing still has its challenging because they find
other types of defects
c) Is not correct. This is dynamic testing
d) Is not correct. Static testing is important for safety-critical computer
systems
You will be invited to a review. The work product to be reviewed is a description of the in-house
document creation process. The aim of the description is to present the work distribution between
the different roles involved in the process in a way that can be clearly understood by everyone.
You will be invited to a checklist-based review. The checklist will also be sent to you. It includes the
following points:
i. Is the person who performs the activity clearly identified for each activity?
ii. Are the entry criteria clearly defined for each activity?
iii. Are the exit criteria clearly defined for each activity?
iv. Are the supporting roles and their scope of work clearly defined for each activity?
In the following we show an excerpt of the work result to be reviewed, for which you should use the
checklist above:
“After checking the customer documentation for completeness and correctness, the software
architect creates the system specification. Once the software architect has completed the system
specification, he invites testers and verifiers to the review. A checklist describes the scope of the
review. Each invited reviewer creates review comments - if necessary - and concludes the review
with an official review done-comment.”
Which of the following statements about your review is correct?
a) Point ii) of the checklist has been violated because it is not clear which condition must be
fulfilled to invite to the review
b) You notice that in addition to the tester and the verifier, the validator must also be invited.
Since this item is not part of your checklist, you do not create a corresponding comment
c) Point iii) of the checklist has been violated as it is not clear what marks the review as
completed
d) Point i) of the checklist has been violated because it is not clear who is providing the
checklist for the invitation to the review
a) Is not correct. It is described that the software architect must have
completed the system specification
b) Is not correct. ‘Checklist-based’, last sentence it is documented that you
should also look for defects outside the checklist
c) Is not correct. It is described: every reviewer did his review done
comment
d) Is correct. It is
What is checklist-based testing?
a) A test technique in which tests are derived based on the tester’s knowledge of past faults,
or general knowledge of failures
b) A test technique based on an analysis of the specification of a component or system
c) An experience-based test technique whereby the experienced tester uses a list of items to
be noted, checked, or remembered, or a set of rules or criteria against which a product
must be verified
d) An approach to testing where the testers dynamically design and execute tests based on
their knowledge, exploration of the test item and the results of previous tests
a) Is not correct. This is error guessing
b) Is not correct. This is black-box test technique
c) Is correct. See reasons from incorrect answers
d) Is not correct. This is exploratory testing
Which one of the following options is categorized as a black-box test technique?
a) A technique based on analysis of the architecture
b) A technique checking that the test object is working according to the detailed design
c) A technique based on the knowledge of past faults, or general knowledge of failures
d) A technique based on formal requirements
a) Is not correct. This is a white-box test technique
b) Is not correct. This is a white-box test technique
c) Is not correct. This is an experience-based test technique
d) Is correct. Black-box test techniques are based on an analysis of the
appropriate test basis (e.g., formal requirements documents,
specifications, use cases, user stories)
The following statement refers to decision coverage:
“When the code contains only a single ‘if’ statement and no loops or CASE statements, and its
execution is not nested within the test, any single test case we run will result in 50% decision
coverage.”
Which of the following statement is correct?
a) The statement is true. Any single test case provides 100% statement coverage and
therefore 50% decision coverage
b) The statement is true. Any single test case would cause the outcome of the “if” statement to
be either true or false
c) The statement is false. A single test case can only guarantee 25% decision coverage in this
case
d) The statement is false. The statement is too broad. It may be correct or not, depending on
the tested software
a) Is not correct. While the given statement is true, the explanation is not.
The relationship between statement and decision coverage is
misrepresented
b) Is correct. Since any test case will cause the outcome of the “if”
statement to be either TRUE or FALSE, by definition we achieved 50%
decision coverage
c) Is not correct. A single test case can give more than 25% decision
coverage, this means according to the statement above always 50 %
decision coverage
d) Is not correct. The statement is specific and always true, because each
test case achieves 50 % decision coverage
Which one of the following is the description of statement coverage?
a) It is a metric, which is the percentage of test cases that have been executed
b) It is a metric, which is the percentage of statements in the source code that have been
executed
c) It is a metric, which is the number of statements in the source code that have been
executed by test cases that are passed
d) It is a metric, that gives a true/false confirmation if all statements are covered or not
a) Is not correct. Statement coverage measures the percentage of
statements exercised by test cases
b) Is correct. Statement testing exercises the executable statements in the
code. Statement coverage is measured as the number of statements
executed by the tests divided by the total number of executable
statements in the test object, normally expressed as a percentage
c) Is not correct. The coverage does not measure pass/fail
d) Is not correct. It is a metric and does not provide true/false statements
Which statement about the relationship between statement coverage and decision coverage is
true?
a) 100% decision coverage also guarantees 100% statement coverage
b) 100% statement coverage also guarantees 100% decision coverage
c) 50% decision coverage also guarantees 50% statement coverage
d) Decision coverage can never reach 100%
a) Is correct. The statement is true. Achieving 100% decision coverage
guarantees 100% statement coverage
b) Is not correct. The statement is false because achieving 100 %
statement coverage does not in any case mean that the decision
coverage is 100%
c) Is not correct. The statement is false because we can only do
statements about 100% values
d) Is not correct. The statement is false
For which of the following situations is exploratory testing suitable?
a) When time pressure requires speeding up the execution of tests already specified
b) When the system is developed incrementally, and no test charter is available
c) When testers are available who have enough knowledge of similar applications and
technologies
d) When an advanced knowledge of the system already exists, and evidence is to be if it
should be tested intensively
a) Is not correct. Exploratory testing is not suitable to speed up tests,
which are already specified. It is most useful when there are few or
inappropriate specified requirements or significant time pressure on
testing
b) Is not correct. The absence of a test charter, which may have been
derived from the test analysis, is a poor precondition for the use of
exploratory testing
c) Is correct. Exploratory tests should be performed by experienced
testers with knowledge of similar applications and technologies
d) Is not correct. Explorative testing alone is not suitable to provide
evidence that the test was very intensive, instead the evidence is
provided in combination with other test methods
An employee’s bonus is to be calculated. It cannot be negative, but it can be calculated down to
zero. The bonus is based on the length of employment:
* Less than or equal to 2 years
* More than 2 years but less than 5 years
* 5 to 10 years inclusively
* Longer than 10 years
What is the minimum number of test cases required to cover all valid equivalence partitions for
calculating the bonus?
a) 3
b) 5
c) 2
d) 4
a) Is not correct. One too few (see the four correct partitions in the correct
answer)
b) Is not correct. One too much (see the four correct partitions in the
correct answer)
c) Is not correct. Two too few (see the four correct partitions in the correct
answer)
d) Is correct. The 4 equivalence partitions correspond to the description in
the question, i.e., at least one test case must be created for each
equivalence partition:
1. Equivalence partition: 0 ≤ employment time ≤ 2
2. Equivalence partition: 2 < employment time < 5
3. Equivalence partition: 5 ≤ employment time ≤ 10
4. Equivalence partition: 10 < employment time
A speed control and reporting system has the following characteristics:
* If you drive 50 km/h or less, nothing will happen.
* If you drive faster than 50 km/h, but no more than 55 km/h, you will be warned.
* If you drive faster than 55 km/h but not more than 60 km/h, you will be fined.
* If you drive faster than 60 km/h, your driving license will be suspended.
* The speed in km/h is available to the system as an integer value.
Which would be the most likely set of values (km/h) identified by applying the boundary value
analysis, where only the values on the boundaries of the equivalence classes are selected?
a) 0, 49, 50, 54, 59, 60
b) 50, 55, 60
c) 49, 50, 54, 55, 60, 62
d) 50, 51, 55, 56, 60, 61
The following partitions can be identified:
1. <= 50, boundary value 50
2. 51 – 55 boundary values 51, 55
3. 56 – 60 boundary values 56, 60
4. >=61 boundary value 61
Boundary value according to glossary V.3.2: A minimum or maximum value
of an ordered equivalence partition.
Thus:
a) Is not correct. Does not include all necessary boundary values, but it
includes additional values: 0, 49, and 59, which are not boundary
values in this equivalence partition
b) Is not correct. Does not include all necessary boundary values. 51 and
55 are missing
c) Is not correct. Does not include necessary boundary values but it
includes additional values: 49, 62, and 54, which are not boundary
values in this equivalence partition
d) Is correct. includes all necessary boundary values
A company’s employees are paid bonuses if they work more than a year in the company and
achieve a target which is individually agreed before.
These facts can be shown in a decision table:
Test-ID T1 T2 T3 T4
Condition1 Employment for
more than 1 year?
YES NO NO YES
Condition2 Agreed target? NO NO YES YES
Condition3 Achieved target? NO NO YES YES
Action Bonus payment NO NO NO YES
Which of the following test cases represents a situation that can happen in real life, and is missing
in the above decision table?
a) Condition1 = YES, Condition2 = NO, Condition3 = YES, Action= NO
b) Condition1 = YES, Condition2 = YES, Condition3 = NO, Action= YES
c) Condition1 = NO, Condition2 = NO, Condition3 = YES, Action= NO
d) Condition1 = NO, Condition2 = YES, Condition3 = NO, Action= NO
a) Is not correct. If there was no agreement on targets, it is impossible to
reach the targets. Since this situation can´t occur, this is not a scenario
happening in reality
b) Is not correct. The test case is objectively wrong, since under these
conditions no bonus is paid because the agreed target was not reached
c) Is not correct. There was no agreement on targets, it is impossible to
reach the targets. Since this situation can´t occur, this is not a scenario
happening in reality
d) Is correct. The test case describes the situation that the too short period
of employment and the non-fulfilment of the agreed target leads to nonpayment of the bonus. This situation can occur in practice but is
missing in the decision table
Which of the following statements about the given state transition diagram and table of test cases
is TRUE?
Test Case 1 2 3 4 5
Start State S1 S2 S2 S3 S3
Input Power On Power Off RC On RC Off Power Off
Expected Final State S2 S1 S3 S2 S1
a) The given test cases cover both valid and invalid transitions in the state transition diagram
b) The given test cases represent all possible valid transitions in the state transition diagram
c) The given test cases represent some of the valid transitions in the state transition diagram
d) The given test cases represent pairs of transitions in the state transition diagram
Proposed test case covers all five possible single valid transitions in the
given state diagram (S1->S2, S2->S1, S2->S3, S3->S2, and S3->S1).
Thus:
a) Is not correct. Because no invalid transitions are covered
b) Is correct. Because all valid transitions are covered
c) Is not correct. Because all valid transitions are covered
d) Is not correct. Because the test cases do not have pairs of transitions
specified
A video application has the following requirement: The application shall allow playing a video on
the following display resolution:
1. 640x480
2. 1280x720
3. 1600x1200
4. 1920x1080
Which of the following list of test cases is a result of applying the equivalence partitioning test
technique to test this requirement?
a) Verify that the application can play a video on a display of size 1920x1080 (1 test case)
b) Verify that the application can play a video on a display of size 640x480 and 1920x1080 (2
test cases)
c) Verify that the application can play a video on each of the display sizes in the requirement
(4 test cases)
d) Verify that the application can play a video on any one of the display sizes in the
requirement (1 test case)
a) Is not correct. See reason from correct answer
b) Is not correct. See reason from correct answer
c) Is correct. This is a case where the requirement gives an enumeration
of discrete values. Each enumeration value is an equivalence class by
itself; therefore, each will be tested when using equivalence partitioning
test technique
d) Is not correct. See reason from correct answer
Which of the following statements BEST describes how tasks are divided between the test
manager and the tester?
a) The test manager plans testing activities and chooses the standards to be followed, while
the tester chooses the tools and set the tools usage guidelines
b) The test manager plans, coordinates, and controls the testing activities, while the tester
automates the tests
c) The test manager plans, monitors, and controls the testing activities, while the tester
designs tests and decides on the release of the test object
d) The test manager plans and organizes the testing and specifies the test cases, while the
tester executes the tests
a) Is not correct. Selection of tools is a test manager task
b) Is correct. See reasons from incorrect answers
c) Is not correct. The tester does not decide on the release of the test
object
d) Is not correct. The tester specifies the test cases, the test manager
does the prioritization
Which of the following metrics would be MOST useful to monitor during test execution?
a) Percentage of executed test cases
b) Average number of testers involved in the test execution
c) Coverage of requirements by source code
d) Percentage of test cases already created and reviewed
a) Is correct. Test case execution (e.g., number of test cases run/not run,
and test cases passed/failed)
b) Is not correct. This metric can be measured, but its value is low. The
number of testers does not give any information about the quality of the
test object or test progress
c) Is not correct. the coverage of requirements by source code is not
measured during test execution. At most, the TEST(!) coverage of the
code or requirements is measured
d) Is not correct. This metric is part of test preparation and not test
execution
Which of the following can affect and be part of the (initial) test planning?
a) Budget limitations
b) Test log
c) Failure rate
d) Use cases
a) Is correct. Making decisions about what to test are documented in the
test plan. This means when you are planning the test and there are
budget limitations, prioritizing is needed; what should be tested and
what should be omitted
b) Is not correct. Test monitoring and control
c) Is not correct. Common test metrics
d) Is not correct. It is a part of test analysis
As a test manager you are responsible for testing the following parts of requirements:
* R1 - Process anomalies
* R2 - Synchronization
* R3 - Approval
* R4 - Problem solving
* R5 - Financial data
* R6 - Diagram data
* R7 - Changes to the user profile
Notation: Logical requirement dependencies (A -> B means, that B depends on A):
Which one of the following options structures the test execution schedule according to the
requirement dependencies?
a) R1 ; R3 ; R4 ; R7 ; R2 ; R5 ; R6
b) R1 ; R3 ; R2 ; R4 ; R7 ; R5 ; R6
c) R1 ; R3 ; R2 ; R5 ; R6 ; R4 ; R7
d) R1 ; R2 ; R5 ; R6 ; R3 ; R4 ; R7
a) Is not correct. R4 is dependent on R2, so R2 should be tested before
R4
b) Is not correct. R4 is dependent on R2, R5 and R6, so R5 and R6 should
be tested before R4
c) Is correct. The tests are specified in a sequence that takes the
dependencies into account
d) Is not correct. R2 is dependent on R3, so R3 should be tested before
R2
