Foundation of College Chemistry Flashcards
(25 cards)
1
Q
- How can you made an hypothesis?
- Why scientist porform an experiment?
A
# * Define the problem. Propose possible solution.
* Science refers to this as making an hypothesis.
- Decide which way to proceed or solve the problem.
- Scientists perform an experiment.
2
Q
- What is Chemistry?
- What is Biochemistry?
- What is Biochemistry used for?
A
- Chemistry is the schience dealing with the composition that matter undergoes. Chemistry is also cocerned with energy changes of matter.
- When the “matter” involved is from a living organism we have Biochemistry.
- Moder medicine is based up on Biochemistry.
3
Q
- How can you understand this Biochemistry?
A
- Inside a drop of lake water we find water molecules, disloved substances and algae cells.
4
Q
- What is the difference between observation and analysis?
A
- A clearless liquid is combined with a second clear colorless luquid and the mixture is observed. Which of these is not an obeservation?
- The test tube became hot.
- The reaction is exothermic.
- The mixture is cloudy.
- The mixture is white.
5
Q
- What is Law?
- What is Theory?
- What is the difference between Theory and Hypothesis?
A
- Law : Statements of natural phenomena to which there are no know exceptions.
- Hypothesis : A tentative explanation of the facts that can be tested further.
- Theory : Well - tested hypothesis.
6
Q
- What is difference between Hypothesis with Law?
A
- Which of these is a law?
- Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- All matter is composed of atoms.
- Atoms can form chemical bonds by sharing electrons.
- The volume of a gas increase with increasing temperature.
7
Q
- What is the difference between Observation with Law?
A
- The statement, “An atom consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons”, is an example of
- a Theory
- a Law
- an Hypothesis
- an Observation
8
Q
- What is the characteristics of matter?
A
- Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
- Matter is composed of discrete, tiny, fundamental particles called atoms.
9
Q
- What is the common characteristics between Gas with Liquid?
- What is the differences between Solid with Gas and Liquid?
A
- Gas
- Total disorder ; Much empty space ; Particles have complete freedom of motion ; Particles far apart.
- Liquid
- Disorder ; Particles of clusters of particles are free to move relative to each other ; Particles close together.
- Solid ( Crystalline Solid )
- Ordered arrangement ; Particles essentially in fixed position ; Particles close together.
10
Q
- What is the main three chracteristics of Crystalline solid?
- What is the main characteristics of Amorphous solid?
- What is the common things solid with Liquid?
- Which form of water has molecules that are held together tightly by very strong intermolecular forces?
A
- Crystalline solid have regular, repeating three dimensional patterns. Definite shape. Definite volume.
- Essentially incompressible.
- Particles are tightly packed together.
- Particles are held together by very strong forces of attraction.
- Crystalline Solid
- Crystalline solid exist in regular, repeating, three dimensional geometric patters.
- Amorphous Solid
- Amorphous solid do not have any regular, internal geometric pattern.
11
Q
- What is the common things Liquid with gases?
- Which form of has a definite volume, but no definite shape?
A
- Indefinite shape. Compressible. Particles are mobile, able to move around each other.
- Liquid
- Liquids Characteristic
- Indefinite shape
- Definite volume
- Only slightly compressible
- Particles are mobile, able to move around each other.
- Particles are heldtogether by strong forces of attraction.
- Gases Characteristic
- Indefinite shape
- Indefinite volume
- Compressible
- Particles are far apart and small compared to the volume they occupy.
- The attractive forces are so weak that the particles are independant of each other.
12
Q
- Can solution be a homogeneous matter?
- What is the difference between homogeneous matter with heterogeneous?
A
- yes.
- A mixtures has composition that can have varied.
- Solutions are mixtures
- A mixtures has composition that can have varied.
- Homogeneous matter is uniform in appearance and has the same properties throughout.
- Pure substance - water
- Homogeneous mixture - sugar and water solution
- Heterogeneous matter consist of two or more physically distinct phases. A phase is a homogeneous part of a system seperated from other parts by physical boundaries.
- Pure substance - liquid and gaseous bromine , iced water
- Mixture - Iced tea
13
Q
- Distinguishing mixtures from pure substances
- Mixtures can be seperated by physical means.
- When iron and sulfur exist as pure substances, only the iron is attracted to a magnet.
- A mixture of Fe and S can be seperated by using the difference in magnetic attraction.
- Mixtures can be seperated by physical means.
A
- Distinguishing mixtures from pure substances
- A clear, colorless liquid is heat in a beaker untill all of the liquid is gone. The walls of the beaker are coated with a white crystalline solid. The liquid was :
- [element / compound / homogeneous / heterogeneous]
- A clear, colorless liquid is heat in a beaker untill all of the liquid is gone. The walls of the beaker are coated with a white crystalline solid. The liquid was :
14
Q
- Can you break down an element by chemical means to simpler substances?
A
- No
- An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means to simpler substances.
- There are 118 known elements.
- All but 4 of the first 92 elements occur in nature.
- All elements beyond 92 except for platonium(94) are man made.
- An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exist.
15
Q
- What is the most abundant element in the earth crust, oceans, and atmosphere?
- What is the most abundant element in the human body?
A
- Oxygen
- Oxygen(49.2%) / Carbon(25.7%) / Aluminum(7.5%) / Iron(4.7%) / Calcium(3.4%) / Sodium(2.6%) / Potassium(2.4%)
- Oxygen
- Oxygen(65%) / Carbon(18%) / Hydrogen(10%) / Nitrogen(3%) / Calcium(1.4%) / Phosphorus(1%) / Magnesium(0.5%)
16
Q
- How the element’s name was made?
A
- The names of the elements are derived from a variety of sources
- Iodine comes from Greek iodes which means violet like.
- B is math comes from the German Weisse masse, which means white mass.
- Germanium was named for Germany, where it was discovered.
17
Q
- What is the rules for symbols of elements?
A
- Symbols have either one or two letter.
- If one letter is used, it is capitalized.
- If two letters are ussed, only the first is capitalized.
18
Q
- What kind of element potassium is?
- What is the basis for sorting in ascending order on the periodic table?
- Which elements on the periodic table are halogens?
- Which elements on the periodic table are noble gases?
A
- Alkali Metal.
- Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
- The halogen elements are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine(Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), and tennessine (Ts).
- All of the elements in Group Zero are noble gases. The list includes helium, neon(Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn).
19
Q
- Introduction to the periodic table
- 1A :
- 2A :
- Between 2A-3A :
- 3A :
- 4A :
- 5A :
- 6A :
- 7A :
A
- Introduction to the periodic table
- 1A : Alkali Metals
- 2A : Alkaline Earth Metals
- Between 2A-3A : Transition Metals
- 3A : Metals and Metalloids
- 4A : Non-Metals and Metalloids
- 5A : Non-Metals and Metalloids
- 6A : Non-Metals and Metalloids
- 7A : Metalloids
20
Q
- Classifying Elements : Metals
- What is this?
- What is the difference between metal with metalloid?
A
- A solid sample of unknown element is high density and high melting point.
- There are many difference between metal with metalloid. Metalloids have properties in between those of the metals and non-metals and are semiconductors (whereas metals are conductors and nonmetals are not conductors) and used extensively in circuitry (like computer chips).
21
Q
- Classifying Elements : Non-Metals
- What is this?
- Which one is not metalloid?
- a) Boron
- b) Silicon
- c) Germanium
- d) Aluminium
A
- A solid sample of unknown element is dull and brittle and does not conduct heat or electricity.
- Aluminium
22
Q
- Classifying Elements : Metalloids
- Which of the following non-metals is not reactive?
- Hellium / Fluorine / Oxygen / Carbon
- Which of the following non-metals is not reactive?
A
- Classifying Elements : Metalloids
- Fluorine
- Metalloid have properties that are intermediate between those of metals and those of non-metals.
- Some are used to make the semiconductors we need for computer chips.
- Elements in their natural states
- Most elements are found as compound in nature because they are very reactive.
- The noble metals (Gold, Silver, Platinium) are non-reactive and found as elements in nature.
- The noble gases are the least reactive elements and are found in un-combined form.
23
Q
- Physical states of the elements
- Which of the following metals is not a solid at room temperature?
- a) Iron
- b) Alluminum
- c) Calcium
- d) Mercury
- Which of the following metals is not a solid at room temperature?
A
- Mercury
- Most are solids at room temperature
- Some are gases
- The noble gases
- Nitrogen
- Oxygen
- Fluorine
- Chlorine
24
Q
- Elements that exist as diatomic molecules.
- Which of the following is not a diatomic element?
- a) Fluorine
- b) Oxygen
- c) Nitrogen
- d) Carbon
- What are the 7-diatomic elements?
- Which of the following is not a diatomic element?
A
- Carbon
- 7-diatomic elements
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
- Oxygen
- Fluorine
- Chlorine
- Bromine
- Iodine
25
* Compounds
* Which of following is not likely to be a molecule?
* CaCl2
* NH3
* CO2
* SF6
*
