Foundational Elements Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Why does Hinduism have its name?
A
- Those who live on the other side of the Indus River (Avesta vs Sanskrit)
- 17th cent. Brahmin-British co-creation/reification (Bhagavad Gita as bible and Trimurti as Trinity)
2
Q
When was Hinduism founded?
A
1500 BCE (1700 BCE) with the arrival of the Aryans in the Indus Valley
3
Q
Who is the founder of Hinduism?
A
No founder
4
Q
Where was Hinduism founded?
A
India
5
Q
What are the major sects within Hinduism?
A
- Siva (Saivaites)
- Visnu (Vaishnavites)
- Shakti/Durga
6
Q
How did Hinduism spread?
A
1700 BCE Aryans arrive in Indus Valley → religion spreads throughout India as the Aryans spread across the Gangetic Plain, then south-east Asia (trade)
c.1200-1700 CE Islamic rule, British begin to rule India as part of their empire → Indians become part of Commonwealth → diaspora
7
Q
On which continents is Hinduism found?
A
All
8
Q
What are the major scriptures of Hinduism?
A
- Veda
- Upanishads
- Bhagavad Gita (Mahabharata)
- Ramayana
9
Q
How is the human viewed in Hinduism?
A
Atman = Brahman ie. the individual soul equals the universal soul
10
Q
What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Hinduism?
A
- Yoga
- Meditation (mantra)
- Puja
- Devotion to deity
- Pilgrimage
- Dharma
11
Q
What options are available to the individual after death in Hinduism?
A
Reincarnation (of conditionings) or Moksha (release, liberation)
12
Q
What are the major holidays in Hinduism and their significance?
A
Sivarati = Shiva’s Birthday Diwali = Festival of Lights
13
Q
How many Hindu adherents are there today?
A
1 billion
14
Q
What is the view of Gods in Hinduism?
A
One abstract principle: Brahman , many manifestations (ex, Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, etc.)
15
Q
What is the most common symbol associated with Hinduism?
A
Om symbol → experience beyond words
16
Q
Why does Judaism have its name?
A
- One of Jacob’s sons, Juda, therefore name of one of the twelve tribes
- land of Judaea
17
Q
When was Judaism founded?
A
Non historical figures:
- Abraham 1700 BCE
- Moses 1300 BCE
- writing of the Torah: Babylon 587 BCE
18
Q
Who founded Judaism?
A
Abraham/Moses - Non-historical figures
19
Q
Where was Judaism founded?
A
Middle East
20
Q
What are the major sects within Judaism?
A
- Orthodox, Conservatism, Reform
- Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Mezrahim
21
Q
How did Judaism spread?
A
- 740 BCE: fall of Israel to Assyrians
- 586 BCE: fall of Judaea to Babylonians
- 538 BCE: return to Judaea with written Torah
- 70 CE: Destruction of the 2nd temple in Jerusalem by Romans → diaspora
22
Q
On which continents is Judaism found today?
A
All
23
Q
What is the major scripture of Judaism?
A
TaNaKh
- Torah,
- Nevim
- Ketuvim
24
Q
How is the human viewed in Judaism?
A
Chosen people meant to follow YWH’s rules for the benefit of all - created in the image of God
25
What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Judaism?
- Shabbat (tradition)
- 613/10 commandments
- eat kosher
- devote one’s life to God
26
What options are there for the individual after death in Judaism?
Jews focus on the here and now
→ life after death with the arrival of the Messiah
→ Gehinnom = Hell, gam and Eden = heaven
→ Olam Ha-Ba (World to come)
→ She’ol = place of the dead, underground for all, no rewards, nopunishments
27
What are the major holidays in Judaism and their significance?
- Rosh Hashanah (New year)
- Yom Kippur (25h fast)
- Hanukkah (Yadah Maccabaeus taking the temple back from the Syrian Greeks)
- Passover (celebrates deliverance)
28
How many Jewish adherents are there today?
16 million
29
What is the view of God in Judaism?
one god - Abrahamic god
30
What is the most common symbol associated with Judaism?
The Star of David (six point)
31
Why does Buddhism have its name?
- Budh = Sanskrit “to perceive”
- Bodhi = wisdom
- Buddha = Sanskrit “enlightened”
- Siddharta Gautama became known as Buddha
32
When was Buddhism founded?
c.600 BCE - axial age
33
Who is the founder of Buddhism?
Siddharta Gautama
34
Where was Buddhism founded?
India
35
What are the major scriptures in Buddhism?
- Theravada/Hinayana
- Mahayana
- Vajrayana/Tibetan Buddhism
- Zen
36
How did Buddhism spread?
Buddha travelled through India spreading his message
→ King Ashoka
→ pushed out of India by Brahmanism + Islam
→ Silk Road (Northern route) to China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan
→ southern route to south-east China
→ western colonization Asia → spread
→ Chinese invasion of Tibet in the 1950s, Buddhism returns to India
37
On which continents is Buddhism found today?
All
38
What are the major sects in Buddhism?
- Tripitaka
| - Dhammapada
39
How are humans viewed in Buddhism?
Humans are the only beings who may attain release (nirvana)
40
What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Buddhism?
1. meditation
2. mantras
3. the four noble truths
41
What are the four noble truths?
1. Life is inherently unsatisfactory
2. The cause of unsatisfactoriness is desire
3. The way to great free from unsatisfactoriness is to extinguish desire
4, the way to extinguish desire is the noble eightfold path
42
What is the noble eightfold path?
VR SAL EMC
1. Right view
2. Right resolve
3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right livelihood
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right concentration
43
What options are available for the individual after death in Buddhism?
- Reincarnation (of mental states)
| - Nirvana
44
What are the major holidays in Buddhism and their significance?
- Vesak Buddha’s birthday
| - Buddhist new year
45
How many Buddhist adherents are there today?
400 million
46
What is the view of god or god in Buddhism?
No gods but Buddha is later deified
47
What is the most common symbol associated with Buddhism?
The eight spokes wheel (steps of eightfold + 4 noble truths)
48
Why does Confucianism have its name?
Based on the teachings of Kung Fu Tzu
49
When was Confucianism founded?
c.600 BCE - axial age
50
Who is the founder of Confucianism?
Kung Fu Tzu
51
Where was Confucianism founded?
China
52
What are the major sects within Confucianism?
Schools:
- Doctrine of Principle
- Doctrine of Mind
53
How did Confucianism spread?
From China to Korea, Vietnam and Japan
- Western colonialism
- spread around the world
54
On which continents is Confucianism found today?
All
55
What is the major scripture of Confucianism?
Analects
56
How is the human viewed in Confucianism?
Strive to be Chun Zi, part of a structured hierarchy
57
What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Confucianism?
-Honesty
-Politeness
-Propriety
-Humaneness
-Perform correct role in society according to the five relationships → Chun Zi
→ Ren & Li
58
What are the five relationships?
- between ruler and subject
- between parent and child
- between husband and wife
- between older brother and younger brother
- between older friend and younger friend
59
What options are there for the individual after death in Confucianism?
Realm of the ancestors
60
What are the major holidays in Confucianism?
- Confucius’s birthday 28 September
| - Ching Ming - ancestor day
61
How many Confucian adherents are there today?
6 million ~
62
What is the view of God or gods in Confucianism?
No gods - sage emperors
→ ancestors
→ Mandate of Heaven
63
What is the most common symbol associated with Confucianism?
Water symbol
64
Why does Taoism have its name?
The Tao = “the way” or “the watercourse way”
65
When was Taoism founded?
c.600 BCE - axial age
66
Who is the founder of Taoism?
Lao-Tzu
67
Where was Taoism founded?
China
68
What are the major sects within Taoism?
- philosophical Taoism
| - religious (institutional)Daoism
69
How did Taoism spread?
China → spread around the world with colonization of Asia
70
On which continents is Taoism found today?
All
71
What are the major scriptures of Taoism ?
- Dao de Jing
- Chuang Tzu
- Leih Tzu
72
How is the human vied in Taoism?
Part of the Dao
73
What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Taoism?
General attitude of detachment + non struggle “go with the flow”
→ Wu-wei → effortless effort
→ alchemy
74
What are the options available to ten individual after death in a Taoism?
- non-being
| - immortality
75
What are the major holidays in Taoism and their significance?
Chinese New Year
76
How many Taoist adherents are there today?
400 million advents to Chinese religion
77
What is the view of god or god within Taoism?
The Dao is all, though there are many celestial masters/immortals
78
What is the most common symbol associated with Taoism?
Yin Yang (considered to be also associated with Confucianism)
Yang: Masculine/active - ordered Confucianism
Yin: feminine/receptive - watercourse way of Taoism
79
Why does Christianity have its name?
- Christ is Greek (christos) for anointed one or messiah
- superimposing the first two capital letters Chi and Rho (XP) of ten Greek word “XPI[E]TO[E]”= Christ
- Jesus of Nazareth came to be known as the Christ
80
When was Christianity founded?
- Jesus c.30
- Paul .50
- Constantine c.300
81
Who is the founder of Christianity?
Jesus, Paul, Constantine
82
Where was Christianity founded?
Middle East / Rome
83
What are the major sects within Christianity?
- Roman Catholicism
- Orthodox Church
- Protestantism
84
How did Christianity spread?
- Jesus taught in the Middle East
- Paul spread the message through the Mediterranean world
- Constantine’s conversion lead to it becoming the religion of the Roman Empire
- with fall of the Roman Empire it became the empire → predominat religion in Europe → spread to America with colonization and world through proselytization
85
On which continents is Christianity found today?
All
86
What are the major scripture of Christianity?
The bible - the gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)
87
How is the human viewed in Christianity?
Man created in the image of God
88
What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Christianity?
Ten Commandments
89
What are the options for the individual after death in Christianity?
Heaven or hell
90
What are the major holidays of Christianity and their significance?
- Christmas (birth of Jesus)
| - Easter (resurrection day)
91
How many Christian adherents are there today?
2 billion
92
What is the view of god in Christianity?
One god - trinity
- father, son, and Holy Spirit
- The abrahamic God
93
What is the most common symbol associated with Christianity?
The crucifix
94
Why does Islam have its name?
Islam mean “peaceful submission” in Arabic
95
When was Islam founded?
Muhammad c,600 CE
96
Who founded Islam?
The prophet Muhammad
97
Where was Islam founded?
Middle East (Mecca/Medina)
98
What are the major sects within Islam?
- Sunni: accept abu Bakr as the 1st Caliph of Islam - mostly Arab
- Shia: Favour Ali as the 1st caliph of Islam - mostly Iranian/Persian
99
How did Islam spread?
Prophet Muhammad → caliphs
→ islam spread throughout Europe, India, South East Asia and Asia
→ western colonization of India & Middle East becomes part of commonwealth
→ spread around world
100
On which continents is Islam found today?
All
101
What is the major scripture of Islam?
Qur’an
102
How is the human viewed in Islam?
All born Muslin - All Muslim people were created by Allah
103
What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Islam?
5 pillars of Muslim life (S S S ZH
1. Shahadah: sincere declaration that there is no god but allah and Muhammad his prophet
2. Salad: prayer 5x a day
3. Sawm: fasting during month of Ramadan
4. Zakat: donations to people in need
5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca (at least once if able)
104
What options are there for the individual after death in Islam?
Heaven or Hell
105
What are the major holidays in Islam?
- Ramadan: commemorate queen Qur’an was sent down to guide the people
- Eid - celebrate end of fasting
- Eid - life of Ishmael spared by Allah (sacrificial goat instead)
106
How many Muslim adherents are there today?
~2 billion
107
How is God viewed in Islam?
One God - Allah - Abrahamic God
109
What is the most common symbol associated with Islam?
The crescent and star
