Foundations

Question 1

democracy

Answer 1

system of government that means rule by the people in which citizens are allowed to associate, express, and participate in politics freely.

Question 2

capitalism

Answer 2

socioeconomic system of production characterized by market-based transactions, private property, and wage labor.

Question 3

rule of law

Answer 3

expectation that all citizens are equally subject to laws, regardless of their power or status.

Question 4

State

Answer 4

Sovereign organization with compulsory membership that claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence withing a territory.

Question 5

Nationalism

Answer 5

attitudes and emotions that individuals experience in reference to their national identity, or the desire for self- determination, the desire for a state of one’s own.

Question 6

nation

Answer 6

group that thinks of itself as a political community.

Question 7

nation-state

Answer 7

where the state governs, and is governed by, people of one nation.

Question 8

Civic nationalism

Answer 8

also known as liberal nationalism, is a form of nationalism identified by political philosophers who believe in an inclusive form of nationalism that adheres to traditional liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, individual rights and has no ethnocentrism.

Question 9

Ethnic nationalism

Answer 9

a shared inheritance based on race, genetics, culture, language, religion etc.

Question 10

Individualism

Answer 10

the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant.

Question 11

Equality

Answer 11

the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.

Question 12

Power

Answer 12

the ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a faculty or quality.

Question 13

Hard power

Answer 13

a state’s ability to force actors to change their behavior (coercive)

Question 14

Soft power

Answer 14

a state’s ability to influence actors’ behavior through values (persuasive)

Question 15

liberalism

Answer 15

theory of international relations that says states are self-interested but realize that mutually beneficial relations with other states are possible, and that democracy, capitalism, and IGOs can help states cooperate with each other.

Question 16

neoliberalism

Answer 16

ideological belief that free markets are desirable in an economy and in society as a whole.

Question 17

realism

Answer 17

theory of international relations that says because states are self-interested and cannot rely on others for their security, cooperation between states is the exception, and mutual distrust and conflict is the norm.

Question 18

constructivism

Answer 18

approach to international relations that sees states as social actors and norms as shaping the identities and wants of states.

Question 19

intergovernmental organization (IGO)

Answer 19

organization created and controlled by sovereign states in which the members are states.

Question 20

international nongovernmental organization (INGO)

Answer 20

nongovernmental organization (NGO) that has members in more than one country, typically meaning a physical office with employees.

Question 21

civil society

Answer 21

voluntary association of people outside of families, firms (companies), and states (governments). Includes nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), social movements, and transnational advocacy networks (TANs).

Question 22

social movements

Answer 22

collective action for social change involving very loosely organized individuals, networks, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Example: Black Lives Matter.

Question 23

Norm entrepreneurs

Answer 23

any actor that tries to create or change a norm. Many civil society actors are, or aim to be, norm entrepreneurs.

Question 24

transnational advocacy networks (TANs)

Answer 24

coalition or network of people—but not a formal organization—working for change, typically narrowly focused on a specific issue. Example: Jubilee Debt Campaign.

Question 25

Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs)

Answer 25

This is where the World Bank (WB), World Trade Organization (WTO), and International Monetary Fund (IMF) all come from.

Question 26

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Answer 26

main international treaty that seeks to commit countries to target levels of greenhouse gas emission.

Question 27

complex interdependence

Answer 27

in liberal theory, the concept that states do not pursue just one policy. Government officials and nonstate actors within a country engage in international activity in the pursuit of diverse (often conflicting) policy goals.

Question 28

logic of appropriateness

Answer 28

people respond to nonmaterial things, such as norms, values, and identities. Thus, how people act reflects their understanding of appropriate behavior. Constructivists say the behavior of people and states is shaped by socially shared understandings of appropriateness.

Question 29

logic of consequences

Answer 29

people respond to material things, such as money or threats of violence. Thus, how people act reflects the consequences they expect. Constructivists say liberal and realist theories emphasize a logic of consequences in the behavior of states.

Question 30

Social class identity

Answer 30

Social class as a social identity relates to the importance/significance and affect/emotions associated with an individual's membership/self-categorization within a social class group (e.g., working class). An individual's socioeconomic status does not always align with their social class identification.

Question 31

culture

Answer 31

traditions, customs, and meanings that shape behavior and understanding.

Question 32

ethnicity

Answer 32

named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared historical memories, one or more elements of common culture, a link with a homeland, and a sense of solidarity among at least some of its members.

Question 33

gender identity

Answer 33

social identity in which belonging is determined by gender difference.

Question 34

in-group / out group

Answer 34

is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify.

Question 35

comparative advantage

Answer 35

economic principle that countries should specialize in what they do best, where “best” means most efficiently.

Question 36

Free Trade vs Fair Trade

Answer 36

Free trade emphasizes the need for less borders, restrictions, and tariffs on goods and services passing through countries and continents. Meanwhile, fair trade involves ensuring that the workers behind these goods and services are treated fairly and that human rights are maintained throughout the supply chain.

Question 37

mercantilism

Answer 37

belief that trade is only good if it strengthens a state’s power as well as its economy.

Question 38

protectionism

Answer 38

government policies to favor domestic producers and discriminate against imported goods.

Question 39

structuralism

Answer 39

belief that global trade rules have been created by rich countries to protect their wealth. Hence, the global economy is “structurally” unfair to poor countries.

Question 40

tariff

Answer 40

tax on imported goods.

Question 41

Fordism

Answer 41

form of capitalism characterized by mass production for mass consumption, as introduced by Henry Ford, with repetitive, semiskilled factory work in production for mass consumer markets

Question 42

Post-Fordism

Answer 42

late 20th century form of capitalism characterized by product quality rather than by price, with global production, flexible labor markets, and weak worker bargaining strength.