foundations

Question 1

_____ is the members which provide support for the structure and its loads.

Answer 1

foundation

Question 2

_____ is a connecting link between the superstructure and the soil in the ground.

Answer 2

foundation

Question 3

What are the materials which will be used as foundation of structure?

Answer 3

concrete, steels, stones, bricks

Question 4

Hard undisturbed rock in its native location of indefinitely great extent, not broken up by harmful cracks.

Answer 4

bedrock

Question 5

The geological type of material composing ____ be such materials, as igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks.

Answer 5

bedrock

Question 6

In the design building foundations, what are the three essential steps needed?

Answer 6

1. calculating the loads to be transmitted by the structure to the strata supporting
2. determining the nature of the foundation beds that are to act as support
3. designing the foundation structure to fit the conditions of loading and capacity of foundation bed

Question 7

_______ are rarely due to faulty design of the foundation structure but rather to failure of the foundation beds to carry the loads put upon ot.

Answer 7

foundation failures

Question 8

Foundation loads may be transmitted to the unconsolidated strata in two ways.

Answer 8

1. constructing a continuous raft or spread footing or a system of stratum
2. by forcing piles into the soil and joining uses structurally to the bearing column at the structures

Question 9

What are the two factors that an engineer should consider in the construction of roads?

Answer 9

1. geological condition which may affect the permanence of the roadboard, drainage, etc.
2. kind of rock to be used for the road

Question 10

What are the requisite condition for a reservoir site and dam site? (7-wnoaasa)

Answer 10

1. water tight basin of ample size
2. narrow outlet requiring a relatively small and economical dam having safe foundation
3. opportunity for building a spillway to dispose the surplus water
4. available materials for the construction of the dam
5. assurance that the basic will not split up in too short time
6. sufficient supply of water
7. adequate reason to justify the cost of the project

Question 11

In the examination of a reservoir site, an engineer should include the following:

Answer 11

examination of the rocks at the bottom and sides of the depressions

Question 12

A study of depth of the deposition and depth of the water table, location of springs under discharge which may require the drilling of wells, underground stream, if possible, should be located.

Answer 12

exploration

Question 13

____ is a geologic map which shows the types and the structure of the area or land mass.

Answer 13

topographic map

Question 14

What are the methods of constructing piers? (3-oou)

Answer 14

1. open cofferdam
2. open dredging caissons
3. use of compressed air-air caissons

Question 15

____ consists of a single continuous wall on interlocking pilings, driven into the foundation strata.

Answer 15

open cofferdam

Question 16

_______ represents substantial danger to humans and their works which may exist as consequences off natural events, but often they are the result of human activities.

Answer 16

geologic hazards

Question 17

What are the four types of geologic hazards?

Answer 17

floods, slope failures, ground subsidence, earthquake

Question 18

What are the causes of floods? (3-nhecbr)

Answer 18

1. natural floods
2. human activities
3. earthquake
4. construction in the river floodplain
5. broken dam
6. rapid icemelt

Question 19

_____ occurs during or after heavy rainfall and snow melt.

Answer 19

natural floods

Question 20

_____ increases the incidence of flooding.

Answer 20

human activities

Question 21

What are ways of flood control? (5-fcdcf)

Answer 21

1. floodplain zoning
2. constructions in high elevations
3. diking to contain water
4. channel straightening and lining
5. flood-control dams

Question 22

____ affords the best protection against flooding.

Answer 22

floodplain zoning

Question 23

_____ as a necessary solution for many rapidly growing cities which are greatly affected by natural and development changes.

Answer 23

diking to contain water

Question 24

_____ is a solution often applied to small rivers and streams to increase the flow velocity and reduce the flood hazard and bank erosion.

Answer 24

channel straightening and lining

Question 25

_____ constructed upstream service as a storage reservoir and are the most effective construction solution to flood protection.

Answer 25

flood-control dams

Question 26

What are the classifications of slope failures?

Answer 26

creep, flow, slides, fall, avalanche and landslides

Question 27

What are the factors affecting slope failures? (4-tgws)

Answer 27

1. topography 2. geology 3. weather 4. seismic activity

Question 28

What are causes of slope failure or slide? (4-girg)

Answer 28

1. gravity of the weight of the slope materials which have saturated by water 2. increase in gravity and decrease in shearing strength acting together of the soil and rocks present along the slopes 3. removal of the lateral support particularly the removal of the toe of the slope emplacement of building or highway 4. ground movements cause by volcanic and tectonic movement like earthquake

Question 29

What are the methods of controlling slides? (3-ccp)

Answer 29

1. change the slope geometry to decrease the driving forces or increase the resisting forces by removal of very large volume of loose materials or debris along the top and side of the slopes 2. control surface water infiltration to reduce seepage forces 3. planting the slope with thick, fast growing native vegetation and should be applied with burlaps bags and sprayed with mulch to increase growth

Question 30

_____ is the sinking or downward settling of the ground surface resulting from the settlement of native low density soils, or the caving in of natural or man-made underground voids.

Answer 30

ground subsidence

Question 31

_____ is the downward vertical movement of the ground or soil due to changes in stresses within the earth, often cause by the settlement load in the surface.

Answer 31

settlement or collapse

Question 32

What are the cause of ground subsidence? (4 - eepe)

Answer 32

1. extraction of fluid or solids 2. erosion 3. physicochemical changes 3. earthquakes or tectonic movements

Question 33

What are the causes of ground settlement? (5-lmdui)

Answer 33

1. lowering of the groundwater 2. migration of soils fines 3. deep voids 4. underground excavation 5. induced ground vibration and seismic events

Question 34

What are the sources of earthquakes? (4- vtmm)

Answer 34

1. volcanic eruptions 2. tectonic movements 3. minor earth shaking 4. man-made disturbances

Question 35

____ is the point where the earthquake starts or originates.

Answer 35

focus

Question 36

____ is the point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus.

Answer 36

epicenter

Question 37

_____ is the measure of the earthquake and remains unchanged with distance from earthquake.

Answer 37

magnitude

Question 38

____ is the amount of energy released at the earthquake source.

Answer 38

magnitude

Question 39

_____ is the degree or amount of shaking caused by an earthquake at a given place and decreases with distance from the earthquake epicenter.

Answer 39

intensity

Question 40

What are the effects of earthquakes? (8-cdfgstfa)

Answer 40

1. collapse of manmade structures 2. disruption of utilities 3. fires cause by short circuits 4. ground subsidence and settlement 5. slope failures 6. tsunamis 7. floods 8. avalanches and landslides

Question 41

____ is structure which prevents the flow of water and accumulates it is a reservoir.

Answer 41

dams

Question 42

_____ is an open channel that generally consists of an inlet channel and an exit channel.

Answer 42

spillways

Question 43

____ is a subsurface body of rock having sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids.

Answer 43

reservoir

Question 44

Exploration of foundation site: things to be considered before the site of an important structure is selected:

Answer 44

1. knowledge of the geology of the size is of great importance before it is finally selected 2. after the geologist has made a general reconnaissance of the area to be surveyed, he examines all exposures of solid rock, noting and recording his observations for incorporation in the geologic map

Question 45

What consists the geologic map?

Answer 45

topographic map into which are indicated the types and the structures of the area

Question 46

Why must underground exploratory work be accomplished?

Answer 46

rarely will a geological survey alone provide sufficient reliable information with regards to underground conditions of the foundation.

Question 47

The following suggestions may be useful with regards to underground exploratory work:

Answer 47

1. no boreholes should be driven before a general geological survey of the area has been made 2. boreholes should be located in relation to the local geologic structures in order to obtain as much information of the geology of the area as possible 3. in exploring superficial deposits, at least one borehole should be carried to a rock

Question 48

For structures as pavements, small buildings, retaining walls, and small tanks, shallow explorations are probably sufficient. This may involve any or all of the following techniques: (3)

Answer 48

1. drilling a pipe or road a few feet into the ground with a sledge hammer 2. by drilling holes with an unusual welded at the end of the pipe in which sample of the soil may stick to the auger 3. test pits enable one to examine the materials in their natural stage, to judge their firmness by the resistance to digging, and to see first-hand what the ground water conditions are

Question 49

____ are characterized by a sudden dislodgment of single or multiple blocks of soil or rock which fall in free descent.

Answer 49

falls

Question 50

_____ is caused by the undercutting of slopes due to stream or wave erosion, usually assisted by seepage forces.

Answer 50

falls

Question 51

____ is the act, process, or fact of moving from a higher to a lower position.

Answer 51

descent

Question 52

_____ are characterized by a slow to fast movement of soil and rocks along some well defined planar failure surface.

Answer 52

slides

Question 53

_____ are rapid to very rapid movement of incoherent mass of rock or soil debris wherein the original structure of the formation is no longer discernable, occurring an ill-defined surface.

Answer 53

avalanches and landslides

Question 54

____ is caused by hydraulic excavation during intense storms.

Answer 54

avalanches and landslides

Question 55

_____ are characterized by soil or soil-rock debris moving as a viscous fluid or slurry usually terminating at distances far beyond the failure zone. This is caused quite similar to avalanches.

Answer 55

flows

Question 56

_____ are characterized by a slow, imperceptible downslope movement of slope materials under low stress levels, which normally affects only the shallow portion of the slope, but it can be deep-seated where a weak zone exists.

Answer 56

creep

Question 57

_____ is an unconsolidated and consolidated mantle beneath the earth's crust where it can support lands of vegetation.

Answer 57

soil

Question 58

____ is a vertical section of the soil that depicts all of its horizons.

Answer 58

soil profile

Question 59

What are the types of soil deposits? (5)

Answer 59

glacial deposit, beach deposit, river deposit, wind deposit, gravity deposit