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Foundations II Flashcards

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1
Q

Pain is also called

A

Nociception

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2
Q

Which fibers transport pain

A

A (fast) and C (slow)

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3
Q

Where is the main location that pain is modulated

A

Dorsal horn

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4
Q

What is term for things that used to hurt now hurt more

A

Hyperalgesia

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5
Q

What is term for things that did not use to hurt now do hurt

A

Allodynia

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6
Q

When does brain decide if there is pain or not

A

When the threat of danger is greater than safety

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7
Q

DIMS vs SIMS

A

Danger in me neuroses vs safety in me neurotags

Higher dims = higher pain

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8
Q

Cortisol
Aka
Seen in what type of injuries
Reduces what
Increased cortisol also increase

A

Hydrocortisone
Longer lasting injuries
Inflammation
Cytokines which leads to increased sensitivity

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9
Q

What is the gateway between the inside and outside of a nerve

A

Ion channels

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10
Q

Ion channels are found in areas where there is more or less myelin

A

Less

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11
Q

Myelin stripping can be caused by what 3 things

A

Chemical
Immune
Mechanical

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12
Q

What is the hallmark or chronic pain

A

Central sensitization

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13
Q

Peripheral vs central sensitization

A

Central causes permanent changes in CNS

Central sensitization is the brain being tricked by faulty information about condition of tissues due to non painful neurons sprouting close to danger neurons

Has temporal summation of second pain (wind up) where more input sensitizes the system causing manual techniques to not work

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14
Q

What decides if there is pain or not 100% of the time

A

The brain

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15
Q

Central sensitization is characteristic of what 4 disorders

A

Chronic whiplash
Fibro
IB
Chronic fatigue syndrome

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16
Q

Subacute categories for central sensitization

A

CLBP
Subacute whiplash
TMJ
RA
Chronic HAs
OA

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17
Q

What is normal pain pressure threshold

A

4kg/cm2

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18
Q

B/L loss of elbow extension great than how Many degrees is indication of central sensitization

A

30

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19
Q

What are the 3 stages of graded motor imagery?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Implicit motor imagery
  2. Explicit motor imagery
  3. Motor therapy
20
Q

Joint mobilizations

Study These Flashcards
A

1: small amp at beginning of range
2: large amp within range
3: large amp up to limit of range
4: small amp at end of range
5: manip, high velocity thrust at end range

21
Q

Type 1 and 2 mechanoreceptors are activated by what joint mobs

22
Q

Type 3 mechanoreceptors activated by what grade mob

Study These Flashcards
A

Manipulation or strong stretch

23
Q

Which fibers are myelinated and unmeylinated

Study These Flashcards
A

Fast A are myelinated

Slow C are unmyelinated

24
Q

What is the gate control theory

Study These Flashcards
A

Input transmitted to dorsal horn where it decides if it is a pain response or not

25
Define primary hyperalgesia or peripheral sensitization
Acute pain causing nervous system to add more nociceptors and increase responsiveness, this is normal protective response
26
DIMs examples
Being told your pain is not real Visiting site where injury happened Believing you might end up in wheelchair Receiving diagnosis that sounds bad and not properly educated on it
27
SIMs examples
Aware of scientific proven path of recovery Making appointment to see good health care professional Knowing you are not only person in this situation Local anesthetic that blocks danger messages to brain and spinal cord Loving support
28
Why does MVA sometimes cause chronic pain and what percent get chronic pain from it
Causes immediate sensitivity of nervous system by increasing number of movement sensitive ion channels which causes widespread sensitization to movement 33%
29
Chemical example of myelin stripping
Disc herniation
30
Explain smudging
Comes from somatosensory homonculus, increased sensitization to movement causes disuse due to pan and the brain map becomes smudged/less clear This explains why phantom limb pain exists, although the limb is gone the somatosensory homonculus has it mapped about in brain This is why movement is crucial for recovery as these maps are fed by movement
31
Yellow flags definition and examples
Psychosocial risk factors that contribute to pain LBP is harmful and debilitating Decreased activity levels and fear avoidant behavior Low mood and social withdrawal Expectations for passive treatments Works more than 1 job Job dissatisfaction Sickness benefits Compensation/litigation
32
Injury that occurs in high stress environments are how many times more likely to develop chronic pain
7-8x
33
Cytokines release how much more in injury/stress
1,000x
34
Ion channels are found in places with
Less myelination like dorsal root ganglia and nodes of renier
35
Tools shown to be effective in treating chronic pain
1. Activity 2. Education 3. Short term drugs
36
Implicit motor imagery purpose and examples
L and R discrimination Activate neurotag without firing it Needs to be quick response
37
You can progress from implicit to explicit when
Accuracy and time are equal B/L for a week Accuracy more than 80% Time less than 1.6 seconds for spine and less than 2 seconds for extremities
38
Explicit motor imagery consists of
Imagining moving/copying movements
39
Joint mobilization effects
Mechanical Neurophysiological Psychological
40
How mobs mechanically affect
Restore joint play Stretch out adhesions and tight capsules Snap adhesions Alter positional relationships
41
How mobs affect neurophysiologically
Type I and II mechanoreceptors activated by grade I and II mobs and oscillations to reduce pain and guarding Type III mechanoreceptors activated by manipulation to provide reflex muscle relaxation
42
Soft tissue techniques usually target what
Type I collagen
43
What occupies intercellular space, 70% water, non fibrous
Ground substance
44
What acts as lubricant and prevents cross links and holds water
GAG
45
What release histamine and serotonin
Mast cells
46
Immobilization causes what to GAGs
30-40% reduction of GAGs within ground substance leading to increased cross links, decreased water/lubrication 4-5% this causes increased resistance to movement and cross links
47
Scar tissue adaptive how long and strong when
8-10 weeks adaptive Max strength at 1 ye

Foundations II (1 decks)

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