Foundations in Biology Module 3.3 Carbohydrates

Question 1

What does carbohydrates mean

Answer 1

hydrated carbon

Question 2

What is one single sugar unit called

Answer 2

A monosaccharide

Question 3

What is the name of 2 monosaccharides joined together

Answer 3

Disaccharide

Question 4

What are examples of monosaccharides

Answer 4

• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose
• Ribose

Question 5

What are examples of disaccharides

Answer 5

• maltose
• sucrose
• lactose

Question 6

Glucose is a ……….. monosaccharide
Why

Answer 6

Hexose - consists of 6 carbon atoms

Question 7

What are the 2 types of glucose molecules

Answer 7

• Alpha glucose
• Beta glucose

Question 8

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 8

The hydroxyl group on the 1st carbon are in opposite positions

Question 9

Glucose molecules are 1…………. and 2…………. in water because 3………… can be formed between hydroxyl groups and water

What does this allow

Answer 9

1. polar
2. soluble
3. hydrogen

Glucose to dissolve in the cytosol of the cell

Question 10

What is a condensation reaction

Answer 10

A reaction that takes place that has water as one of its products

Question 11

What bonds are formed when glucose molecules join together (covalent bond)

Answer 11

glycosidic bond

Question 12

What makes maltose

Answer 12

Glucose and glucose

Question 13

What makes sucrose

Answer 13

Fructose and glucose

Question 14

What makes lactose

Answer 14

Galactose and glucose

Question 15

What bond is made between two glucose molecules

Answer 15

1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 16

What is the order of sweetness between glucose fructose and galactose

Answer 16

Fructose > glucose > galactose

Question 17

What is a pentose monosaccharide

Answer 17

Contains 5 carbon atoms

Question 18

What are the 2 examples of pentose monosaccharides

Answer 18

Ribose - RNA nucleotides
Deoxyribose - DNA nucleotides

Question 19

What is starch

Answer 19

Glucose stored in plants

Question 20

What is glycogen

Answer 20

Glucose stored in animals and fungi

Question 21

Starch and glycogen are

Answer 21

Chemical energy stores

Question 22

What are the 2 polysaccharides in starch

Answer 22

Amylose
Amylopectin

Question 23

What are the features of amylose

Answer 23

• formed by alpha glucose molecules
• forms 1,4 glycosidic bonds
• long-chain of glucose which twists forming a helix
• Making it more compact
• less soluble than glucose

Question 24

What are the features of amylopectin

Answer 24

• forms 1,4 glycosidic bonds and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• is a branched structure
• Insoluble in water

Question 25

How often are 1,6 glycosidic bonds formed in amylopectin

Answer 25

Every 25 glucose subunits

Question 26

What are the features of glycogen

Answer 26

- more branches formed than amylopectin - Making it more compact - less space is needed for it to be stored - Insoluble in water

Question 27

What does branching of amylopectin and glycogen allow

Answer 27

Many free ends where glucose can be removed or added

Question 28

Define hydrolysis

Answer 28

Addition of water to break bonds

Question 29

What is cellulose made out of

Answer 29

Beta glucose joined together

Question 30

How can beta glucose molecules join together

Answer 30

The alternate beta glucose molecule should be turned upside down

Question 31

What are the features of cellulose

Answer 31

- straight chain molecule because it can’t coil or form branches

Question 32

What bonds allow cellulose molecules to join together and make microfibrils

Answer 32

Hydrogen bonds

Question 33

Order these: Macrofibrils Cellulose Fibres Microfibrils

Answer 33

Cellulose Microfibrils Macrofibrils Fibres

Question 34

The strong insoluble fibres made by Macrofibrils are used to make

Answer 34

Cell walls