Foundations of Biopsychology

Question 0

3 reasons to use non-humans for research purposes:

Answer 0

1. Simpler brain
2. Comparative approach (compare animal with and without cortex)
3. Lesser ethical issues

Question 1

Define: Zeitgeist

Answer 1

The general intellectual climate of our culture.

Question 2

Define: Confounded variable

Answer 2

unintended difference bet. the dependant and independent variable.

Question 3

Define: Coolidge effect

Answer 3

A copulating male who becomes incapable of continuation of sex, can often recommence copulation with a new partner.

Question 4

Define: lordosis

Answer 4

Arched back, butt up posture of female rodent sexual receptivity.

Question 5

Define: Quasi-experimental studies:

Answer 5

patients who have been exposed to real world conditions, and use this as a basis for study.

Question 6

Define: Pure research

Answer 6

Research intended to attain knowledge

Question 7

Define: Applied Research

Answer 7

Research intended to bring direct benefit to human kind.

Question 8

What are the 6 divisions of Biopsychology?

Answer 8

1. Physiological Psychology
2. Psychopharmacology
3. Neuropsychology
4. Psychophysiology
5. cognitive neuroscience
6. Comparative Psychology

Question 9

Define: Converging Operations

Answer 9

2 or more divisions of Biopsych combined to successfully complete & solve a task

Question 10

Define: Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Answer 10

severe memory loss from thiamine deficiency

Question 11

Define: Cartesian Dualism

Answer 11

Descarte’s philosophy on life

Question 12

Define: Ethology

Answer 12

study of animal behaviour

Question 13

Define: Asomatognosia

Answer 13

Deficiency in the awareness of parts of one’s own body

Question 14

What are the three aspects of Darwin’s evidence of evolution?

Answer 14

1. documented the evolution of fossil records
2. structural similarities among living species
3. major changes in domestic plants/animals by selective breeding

Question 15

Define: Spandrels

Answer 15

Incidental non-adaptive evolution by-products (i.e. belly button)

Question 16

Define: Exaptions

Answer 16

Characteristic evolved to serve one function and were later co-opted to served another

Question 17

Define: convergent evolution

Answer 17

the evolution in unrelated species of similar solutions to the same environmental demands.

Question 18

Define the function of the brain stem

Answer 18

regulates reflex activities that are critical for survival.

Question 19

Polygyny:

Answer 19

Arrangement in which one male forms mating bonds with more than 1 female

Question 20

Polyandry:

Answer 20

mating arrangement in which one female is mating with more than 1 male

Question 21

dichotomous traits

Answer 21

occur in one form or another; never in combination (i.e. hair colour)

Question 22

ontogeny

Answer 22

development of individuals over their life span

Question 23

phylogeny

Answer 23

evolutionary development of species through the ages

Question 24

phenylketouria (PKU)=> recessive autosomal

Answer 24

neurological disorder that has the following symptoms: 1. vomiting 2. seizures 3. hyperactivity 4. irritability 5. brain damage

Question 25

What are the divisions of the PNS? And what type of nerves do they each contain?

Answer 25

Somatic (afferent nerves), and Autonomic (efferent nerves)

Question 26

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 26

sympathetic, and parasympathetic

Question 27

Meninges: 3 protective membranes

Answer 27

1. Outer meninx - dura mater 2. arachnoid membrane 3. subarachnoid space - CSFluid 4. Pia Mater - Adheres to surface of CNS

Question 28

Central canal

Answer 28

small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord

Question 29

cerebral ventricles: 4 large internal chambers of the brain

Answer 29

2 lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

Question 30

What makes CSF?

Answer 30

Choroid plexuses

Question 31

What is the blood brain barrier?

Answer 31

blood vessels tightly packed together to ensure that no toxic compounds are permeable to the membrane.

Question 32

Can glucose actively transport past the Blood-brain barrier?

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

anterior

Answer 33

towards nose end

Question 34

posterior

Answer 34

towards feet

Question 35

dorsal

Answer 35

back

Question 36

ventral

Answer 36

stomach

Question 37

medial

Answer 37

midline of the body

Question 38

lateral

Answer 38

away from midline of body

Question 39

proximal

Answer 39

close to CNS

Question 40

distal

Answer 40

far

Question 41

grey matter

Answer 41

composed of cell bodies and unmylenated interneurons

Question 42

dorsal root ganglia

Answer 42

all dorsal root axons are afferent (sensory) grouped together just outside of the spinal cord

Question 43

components of the Forebrain?

Answer 43

Telencephalon (cortex) & Diencephalon ( thalamus, hypothalamus)

Question 44

Midbrain?

Answer 44

Mesencephalon (tectum: superior and inferior colliculi, and tegmentum: periadueductal gray, substantia nigra, and red nucleus)

Question 45

Hindbrain?

Answer 45

Metencephalon (pons, cerebellum) & Myelencephalon (medulla)

Question 46

what are white lamina?

Answer 46

myelinated axons

Question 47

what are sensory relay nuclei?

Answer 47

nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors & process them then send them to appropriate areas of sensory cortex

Question 48

what is optic chasm?

Answer 48

point where each optic nerve meets each other

Question 49

decussate

Answer 49

cross over to the other side of the brain (via optic chasm)

Question 50

contralateral

Answer 50

projecting from one side of the body to the other

Question 51

ipsilateral

Answer 51

same side of the body

Question 52

mammillary bodies

Answer 52

spherical nuclei on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus

Question 53

lissencephalic

Answer 53

smooth brained

Question 54

fissures

Answer 54

large furrows in a convoluted cortex

Question 55

sulci

Answer 55

small fissures

Question 56

gyri

Answer 56

ridges between a fissure and sulci

Question 57

longitudinal fissures

Answer 57

largest fissures

Question 58

4 types of glial cells?

Answer 58

oliodendrocytes, schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia

Question 59

Neuroatomical techniques? (4)

Answer 59

1. Golgi stain 2. Nissl stain 3. Electron microscopy 4. Neuroanatomical tracing techniques (anterograde, retrograde)

Question 60

What does the: occipital lobe do? Parietal? Temporal? Frontal?

Answer 60

Analysis of visual input. Sensations (touch), and relative locations. Hearing, and language. Motor function, and cognitive functions.

Question 61

what types of cells are in the neocrotex?

Answer 61

stellate cells, pyramidal cells.

Question 62

What are the 4 F's of the limbic system?

Answer 62

Fleeing, feeding, fighting, and fucking

Question 63

What are the major structures of the limbic system? (4)

Answer 63

amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, and septum.

Question 64

What is the caudate?

Answer 64

tail-like structure that comes out the each amygdala

Question 65

What is the putamen?

Answer 65

structure in the middle of the caudate

Question 66

what is the striatum?

Answer 66

putamen and caudate together.

Question 67

what is the globes pallidus?

Answer 67

structure of the basal ganglia; located medial to the putamen (bet. the putamen and the thalamus)

Question 68

What is the resting potential of the membrane? Where are the relative ions located?

Answer 68

-70 mV. Na out/ K in.

Question 69

Action potential goes from -70mV to?

Answer 69

+50mV

Question 70

What is spatial summation?

Answer 70

Summing different responses over different regions of space.

Question 71

What is temporal summation?

Answer 71

Summing different responses over different times.

Question 72

What can't the cell do when its in absolute refractory period?

Answer 72

Cannot illicit another Action Potential

Question 73

What is antidromic conduction?

Answer 73

conduction of Axon to cell body

Question 74

What is orthodromic conduction?

Answer 74

the normal flow if conduction (cell body to terminal buttons)

Question 75

Onotropic receptors?

Answer 75

associated with specific ligand activated ion channels

Question 76

What are the 4 amino acid NTs?

Answer 76

GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, and Aspartate

Question 77

What are the 4 monoamine NTs?

Answer 77

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

Question 78

What is an endocannabinoid?

Answer 78

a THC agonist

Question 79

What are the 5 neuropeptide transmitters?

Answer 79

Pituitary peptides, hypothalamic peptides, brain-gut peptides, opioid peptides, and miscellaneous peptides.

Question 80

What are the 4 groups of small-molecule NTs?

Answer 80

Amino acids, monoamines, Acetylcholine, and unconventional NTs

Question 81

What are the two categories of unconventional NTs?

Answer 81

Soluble gases (CO and NO), and endocannabinoids (anandamide)