Foundations of Exercise & Sport Science Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
List the major families of sensory receptors
A
- Mechanoreceptors (physical force)
- Thermorecpetors (temperature)
- Nociceptors (pain)
- Photoreceptors (light)
- Chemoreceptors (chemical stimuli)
2
Q
What is the role of the afferent nerves?
A
To transmit information from the periphery to the brain
3
Q
What is the role of the efferent nerves?
A
To transmit information from the brain to the periphery
4
Q
Efferent nerves are divided into which two categories?
A
Autonomic & Somatic
5
Q
What is the role of the autonomic system?
A
It regulates visceral activity within the body
6
Q
What is the role of the somatic system?
A
It stimulates skeletal activity
7
Q
The autonomic system can again be divided into which two categories?
A
Parasympathetic & sympathetic
8
Q
List the 3 major regions of a neuron
A
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Axon
9
Q
Define gross energy expenditure
A
The total energy cost to perform an activity
10
Q
What does MET stand for?
A
Metabolic equivalent
11
Q
Define MET
A
A measure of the level of energy needed to complete a task
12
Q
Define force
A
Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
13
Q
Define work
A
The product of force and distance
14
Q
How can energy expenditure be measured in humans?
A
Equations that take into account activity levels, intensity of activity and inherent body factors
Or calculating calorimerty
15
Q
BMR & RMR are affected by what factors?
A
- Body size
- Age
- Stress/ Hormones
- Muscle mass
- Health status
- Body temp
16
Q
Define Basil Metabolic rate (BMR)
A
The minimum level of energy needed to sustain vital functions in the wake state
17
Q
1 MET =
A
3.5 ml/kg/min
18
Q
What percentage range represents how mechanically efficient humans are?
A
18-26%
19
Q
Explain the influence exercise duration and intensity have on energy systems
A
As intensity of exercise increases, the source of energy, therefore energy system shifts from ATP to muscle glycogen to oxygen
20
Q
What factors and at what rates influence daily energy expenditure?
A
Resting metabolic rate (60-75%)
Thermogenic effects of food (10%)
Energy expenditure during and after physical activity (15-30%)
21
Q
Define power
A
How much work is done per unit of time
22
Q
Define bioenergenics
A
The flow and exchange of energy within a living system
23
Q
List forms of kinetic energy
A
- Mechanical
- Thermal
- Electrical
- Radient
- Sound
24
Q
List forms of potential energy
A
- Gravitaional
- Nuclear
- Elastic
- Chemical
25
Define chemical energy
Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules
26
Define nuclear energy
Energy stored in an atoms nuceli
27
Define gravitational energy
Energy stored in an objects height
28
Explain net efficiency
The percentage of how mechanically efficient something is.
29
How is net efficiency calculated?
Through a ratio of muscle power & metabolic energy expenditure
30
Define kinetic energy
The energy produced by movement
31
What enzyme catalyses the breakdown of ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphatase
32
Define energy
The ability to do work
33
What type of relationship does energy and work have?
Linear relationship
34
What factors influence enzyme kinetics?
pH and temperature
35
Explain the concept of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, rather transferred from one form to another without being depleated
36
How is energy stored within the body?
Energy is stored in the macro nutrients as potential energy
37
How is energy released in the body?
Energy is released when ATP phosphates are broken
38
Define elastic energy
Energy stored in elastic objects
39
What makes up the total energy of a system?
Potential energy + kinetic energy
40
How much energy is expended per litre of O2?
5 kcal
41
How long does it take for VO2 to reach a steady state?
2-3 minutes
42
What does VO2 measure?
The volume of inspired and expired air per minute
43
Define net energy expenditure
The true energy expenditure of an activity
44
What does mechanical efficiency refer to?
The percentage of total chemical energy expended that contributes to external work
45
Economy of movement is influenced by what factors?
- Physical fitness levels
- Type of activity
- Environmental conditions
46
Mechanical efficiency for humans averages what percentage?
20-25%
47
What factors affect energy expenditure during walking?
- Body mass
- Age
- Terrain
- Downhill walking
- Footwear
48
Why is walking on sand harder?
Because there is more energy distribution on contact with the surface, therefore less transfer of energy back up
49
List 3 ways in which running speed can be increased
- Increasing stride length
- Increasing stride frequency
- Increasing both
50
The effect of air resistance on energy expenditure varies with what?
- Air density
- Runners projected surface area
- Square of running velocity
51
Energy expenditure during swimming is up to how much more/less than running the same distance?
4 times more
52
Define exercise efficiency
Energy required to maintain a constant velocity of movement
53
List the influencing factors to energy expenditure during swimming
- Fluid medium
- Temperature
- Shape, size & sex
- Swimsuit variations
- Velocity
54
List the structure of a research article
- Preliminary information
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
- Appendix
55
What is being measured by direct calorimetry?
Heat production
56
What is a P-value?
The probability of an observed result that a null hypothesis is true
57
Define nominal data
Data classified by some aspect or property, for which there is no hierarchy of scores
58
Define ordinal data
It has the ability to rank order without commenting on unit of measurement
59
Define interval data
Data that has known and equal distances between score units. It does not have a random zero point
60
Define ratio data
Similar to interval data, but does have a true zero point
61
Define standard deviation
The amount that all the scores differ from the mean
62
What is variance?
The square of the standard deviation
63
Define Mean
The sum of the scores divided by the number of scores
64
Define mode
The most frequently appearing number
65
Define median
The middle score
66
What is the purpose of inferential statistics?
To evaluate the null hypothesis at a specified level of significance
67
How is inferential statistics used?
By testing the influence of an independent variable on a dependent variable
68
What are T-tests used for?
Comparing the means of two data sets
69
What is the function of the cell body?
It is responsible for neural impulse development
70
What is the function of dendrites?
They receive neural impulses and send them towards the cell body
71
What is the function of axons?
They send the neural impulses
72
What is the function of a neuron?
They use electrical signals for communication within the nervous system in response to stimuli
73
List the structure of a skeletal muscle
```
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Sarcolemma
Satellite cells
Sarcoplasm
Transverse tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myofibrils
Sarcomeres
```
74
What factors influence muscle architecture?
- Fascicle arrangement
- Fiber type
- Direction of fibers
75
What are the two basic formations of muscle?
- Fusiform
| - Pennate
76
What factors influence muscle contraction and force production?
- Type of muscle contraction (dynamic/static)
- No. motor units/muscle size
- Frequency of motor unit stimulation
- Length-tension relationship
- Speed of contraction
77
What are the main circulatory elements of the heart?
- The pump (heart)
- Channels (blood vessels)
- Fluid medium (blood)
78
How much blood does the heart pump each beat?
55-80ml
79
What is the function of the right and left atria?
They are the receiving chambers
80
What is the function of the right and left ventricles?
They are the pumping chambers
81
The right side of the heart receives blood from? And sends it to?
The body, the lungs
82
The left side of the heart receives blood from? And send blood to?
The lung, the body
83
Explain the relationship between blood pressure and blood flow
Restricted blood flow has the ability to increase blood pressure, making the heart work harder
84
What does cardiac output reflect?
The functional capacity of the cardiovascular system by measuring the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
85
Define stroke volume (SV)
The volume of blood pumped per heart contraction
86
How does cardiac output respond to exercise?
During steady state exercise it will increase then plateau when blood supply meets metabolic demands
87
How does stroke volume respond to exercise?
It increases by 40-60% with work intensity
88
External ventilation refers to?
- Pulmonary ventilation
| - Pulmonary diffusion
89
Internal ventilation refers to?
- Transport via blood
| - Capillary diffusion
90
Define pulmonary ventilation
The exchanging of ambient air with air in the lungs
91
Define pulmonary diffusion
Diffusion of gases that occurs at the aveoli
92
What factors influence pulmonary diffusion?
- Tissue surface area
- A diffusion constant
- Pressure differential of the gas on each side of the membrane
93
List basic spirometry measures
- Tidal volume
- Vital capacity
- Residual volume
- Total lung capacity
94
Define tidal volume
The amount of air entering and leaving the lungs with each normal breath
95
Define vital capacity
The greatest amount of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration
96
Define residual capacity
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration
97
Define residual volume
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration
98
Define total lung capacity
The sum of the vital capacity and residual volume
99
What factors influence ventilation?
- Maximum forced vital capacity
- Breathing rate
- Airway obstruction
- Pulmonary airflow capacity
100
What intrinsic mechanisms regulate the heart?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV bundle
Purkinje fibers
101
What is the function of the SA node?
Initiates contraction signal
102
What is the function of the AV node?
Delays, relays signal to ventricles
103
What is the function of the AV bundle?
Relays signal to RV, LV
104
What is the function of the Purkinje fibers?
Sends signal into RV, LV
105
What is the function of an ECG?
Reflects electrical activity across the heart during a cardiac cycle
106
What methods are used to analyse the cardiac cycle?
ECG, 3 lead or 12 lead
107
What extrinsic mechanisms regulate the heart?
The autonomic nervous system
