Foundations of human movement Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
Kinesiology
A
the study of human body movement
2
Q
Human Anatomy
A
the study of bodily structure
3
Q
Biomechanics
A
the study of mechanical laws relating to movement
4
Q
Anatomical Position
A
provides a basis from which to describe joint movements. The body is oriented vertically with palms facing forward and the feet together in a parallel position
5
Q
Anterior
A
In front in relation to another structure
6
Q
Posterior
A
In back in relation to another structure
7
Q
Superior
A
Above in relation to another structure
8
Q
Inferior
A
Below in relation to another structure
9
Q
Medial
A
Relating to the middle or center
10
Q
Lateral
A
On or to the side
11
Q
Proximal
A
Nearest the trunk or the point of origin
12
Q
Distal
A
Situated away from the midline of the body
13
Q
Superficial
A
Near the surface
14
Q
Deep
A
Beneath or below the surface
15
Q
Contralateral
A
Pertaining to the opposite side
16
Q
Ipsilateral
A
On the same side
17
Q
Prone
A
Lying on the stomach
18
Q
Supine
A
Lying of the back
19
Q
Cardinal Planes
A
are imaginary 2-dimensional surfaces through which a limb or body segment moves
20
Q
Transverse Plane
A
Divides body into superior and inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position (upper & lower).
21
Q
Frontal Plane
A
Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves (front & back).
22
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
-Divides body into equal, bilateral halves (right & left).
23
Q
Flexion
A
Bending movement that results in a decrease of angle
24
Q
Extension
A
Straightening movement that results in an increase of angle.
25
Adduction
Movement medially toward the midline
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Abduction
Lateral movement away from the midline
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Circumduction
Movement where the proximal end is fix and the distal end creates a circle
28
Lateral / External Rotation
Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from midline of body
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Medial / Internal Rotation
Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of body
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Pronation
Internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm
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Supination
Externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm-up position of forearm
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Dorsiflexion (flexed foot)
Flexion movement of ankle that results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone
33
Plantar flexion (pointed foot)
Extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body
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Inversion
Turning sole of foot inward or medially
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Eversion
Turning sole of foot outward or laterally
36
Flexion
When the spine curves forward along the sagittal plane
37
Extension
When the spine arch backward along the sagittal plane
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Lateral Flexion
When the spine bends right or left along the frontal plane.
39
Rotation
When the spine pivots around the transverse plane.
40
Axial Skeleton
* Spine, skull, rib cage
* Protects internal structures / organs
* Origin of muscles
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Appendicular Skeleton
* Arms, legs, pelvic and shoulder girdle
* Key role in most movement
* Insertion of most muscles
42
Body Alignment
how the head,
shoulders, spine, hips, knees and ankles relate and line up with each other. Proper alignment of the body puts less stress on the spine and allows for optimal posture
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Active Posture
collective action of many muscles working together to maintain static or dynamic posture
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Static Posture
Stable posture (ie. sitting, standing)
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Dynamic Posture
Posture in movement (ie. walking, running)
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Anterior Pelvic Tilt
Iliac crest forward; lowering of the front bolt
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Posterior Pelvic Tilt
Iliac crest backward; lifting of the front bolt
48
Common Postural Imbalances
*Ideal alignment
*Kyphotic-lordotic posture
*Flat-back posture
*Sway-back posture
49
Open Chain
When the most distal points of an extremity terminate in free space. This chain provides less aid of stability but typically allows for greater freedom of motion
(I.E- Single Leg Circles)
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Closed Chain
When the most distal points of an extremity are fixed to the earth or solid object. This fixed position effects the movement of the joints and surrounding musculature up the chain
(I.e. Leg and Footwork)
51
Isotonic Contractions
When a muscle contracts generating movement
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Concentric Contraction
Contraction the creates movement toward the center *shortens a muscle's length
* If the force generated from the muscle is greater than the resistance, the muscle wins and the mass moves opposite to the resistance
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Eccentric Contraction
Contraction the creates movement away from the center
*If the resistance is greater than the force generated by the muscle, the resistance wins and the muscle is elongated against tension
*the muscle is not "lengthening" or becoming passive, it is gradually decreasing the degree of contraction from its shortened position and controlling the muscles toward its resting length
54
Isometric Contraction
When a muscle contracts but there is no movement
* If the force from the muscle is equal to the resistance, the forces balance and there is no resulting movement. This is also called a static contraction.
* Isometric contractions are used to aid in maintaining posture
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Muscles
only pull; they do not push
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All-Or-Nothing Principle
A muscle fiber either contracts fully or does not contract at all. If the stimulus is above the sensory threshold, a muscle fiber will fire
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Muscle Tone
A state of partial isometric contraction. Tone does not produce active movement, but does stabilize positions of the joints and maintain posture
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Motor Learning
acquisition of motor skills as a result of practice and experience
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Motor Control
neurophysiological and behavioral processes affecting the control of skilled movements
60
Motor Development
origins of and changes in movement behavior throughout the lifespan
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Aerobic
"with oxygen"
* When muscles require a steady supply of oxygen to perform the activity.
* Low to moderate intensity activity that increases heart rate for an extended period of time.
* Focus is often on cardiovascular endurance
62
Anaerobic
"without oxygen"
* When muscles do not require additional oxygen to be taken in to move the body.
* Moderate to high intensity activity that increases your heart rate for only short bouts of time
* Focus is often on improving strength or skill execution
63
Pilates an Aerobic or Anaerobic Exercise ?
Pilates is considered anaerobic exercise.
* The use of Percussive Breathing is not necessarily an indicator of aerobic exercise
* Pilates only becomes aerobic when movements are sequenced and paced in a continuous way which causes sustained rise in heart rate
64
Joint Stability
Ability of a joint to withstand forces and avoid being separated
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Joint Mobility
The range of motion allowed prior to tissue restraints
66
flexibility
The functional capacity of joints to move through their full range of motion
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Active Range of Motion
The flexibility of a joint when stability and alignment are maintained thorough muscular control
68
Passive Range of Motion
The flexibility of a joint when motion is created without the use muscular stabilization
69
Stability
ability to develop organization of movements or positions through the coordination and neuromuscular control
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Rigidity
the inability to properly relax excessive muscle tone leading to stiffness and causing a limitation of movement
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"Stabilize to Mobilize"
Establishing a foundation of muscular stability and control to then allow for the creation isolated and articulated mobility of a specified area of the body
