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Foundations of Modern Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The science of human behavior

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2
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founded Psychology and structuralism

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3
Q

Introspection

A

self-observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes.

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4
Q

Structuralism

A

An approach that attempted to define the structure of the mind by breaking down mental experiences into their component parts.

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5
Q

William James

A

Founded functionalism

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6
Q

Functionalism

A

The school of psychology that focused on how behavior helps individuals adapt to demands placed upon them in the environment

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7
Q

John Watson

A

Founded behaviorism

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8
Q

Behaviorism

A

School of psychology that holds that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment

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9
Q

B.F Skinner

A

Popularized behaviorism by studying how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments. Believed that human behavior is the product of environmental consequences

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10
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

Founded Gestalt psychology

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11
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

school of thought that studies the ways in which the brain organizes and structures our perceptions of the world. Reject beliefs of structuralism and believes the brain organizes our experiences into a unified whole.

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12
Q

Gestalt

A

Means unitary form or pattern.

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13
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Created the psychodynamic perspective and developed psychoanalysis

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14
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

The view that behavior is influenced by unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts

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15
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

It is a type of therapy that identifies and releasing unconscious, repressed feelings, thoughts, memories, and desires that are negatively impacting your life

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16
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

Focuses on the role of learning and environment factors effect on behavior

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17
Q

Social-cognitive theory

A

people learn and develop by observing the behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes of others, and by using cognitive processes like attention, memory, and self-regulation to understand and imitate those observed behaviors.

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18
Q

Behavior therapy

A

Helps people acquire more adaptive behavior to overcome psychological problems such as fear and social inhibitions

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19
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy

A

In addition to helping people acquire adaptive behavior it aso helps incorporate techniques for changing irrational beliefs.

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20
Q

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

A

Created Humanistic Theory and rejected the ideas of behaviorism and Freudian psychology

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21
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Believes free will and conscious choice are essential aspects of the human experience. It emphasizes that personal freedom and responsibility for our actions and the value of self-awareness and acceptance of our true selves. Each individual has their own unique traits, abilities and perspectives on life.

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22
Q

Physiological perspective

A

Examines relationships between biological processes and behavior. Emphasizes the biological bases of behavior and mental processes

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23
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Believes that behavioral tendencies or predispositions such as aggressive tendencies may be rooted in our genes. Focuses on evolutionary processes in shaping behavior

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24
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

An approach to psychology that focuses on the processes by which we acquire knowledge

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25
Positive psychology
Emphasizes studies of human virtues and assets instead of weaknesses and deficits
26
Sociocultural perspective
Emphasizes the role of social and cultural influences on behavior examples being age, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, exposure to discrimination and prejudice
27
Basic research
Research focused on expanding knowledge of psychological phenomena even if the knowledge has no practical benefits
28
Applied Research
Research intended to find solutions to specific problems
29
Experimental Psychologists
Psychilogists who apply experimental methods to the study of behavior and mental processes
30
Comparative psychologists
Study behavioral similarities and differences among animal species
31
Physiological psychologists
experimental psychologists who focus on understanding the biological bases of the brain
32
Clinical psychologists
evaluate and treat people with psychological disocrders such as depression or anxiety disorders. Use psychotherapy to help people overcome their problems or stresses
33
psychiatrists
Medical doctors who specialize in diagnosis and treatment of mental or psychological disorders
34
Counseling psychologists
Help people who have adjustment problems
35
School psycholgists
work in schools and help children with emotional, academic and behavior problems
36
Educational psychologists
develop tests that measure intellectual ability or academic potential
37
Developmental psychologists
Study people's physical, cognitive, social and personality development throughout the life span
38
Personality psychologists
seek to understand nature of personality
39
Social psychologits
Study how group or social influences effect behavior and attitudes. How groups affect individuals
40
Environmental psychologists
Study relationships between the physical environment and behavior. Studhy how weather affects peope's moods and whether higher outdoor temps incite aggressive behaviors
41
Industrail/organization psychogists
Study people at work
42
Health psychologists
Study how such psychological factors such as stress, lifestyle and attitude affect physical health
43
Consumer psychologists
Psychologists who study why people purchase particular brands and products
44
Neuropsychologists
Study relationships between brain and behavior
45
Geropsychologists
Focus on psychological processes associated with aging. WOrk with geriatric patients to help them cope with stresses of later life
46
Forensic psychologists
Work within legal system and perform psychological evaluations in child custody cases, testify about the competence of defendents to stand trial
47
Sport psychologists
Applies psychological principles and techniques to sports and athletic competition. Talk about why athletes sometimes choke in critical game situations,
48
Scientific method
Method of inquiry nvolving careful observation and use of experimental methods 1. Developing research question 2. Framing the research question in the form of a hypothesis 3, Gathering evidence to test hypothesis 4. Drawing conclusions
49
Hypothesis
Precise prediction about the outcomes of an experiment
50
Theory
Set of principles that explain how something works
51
Statistics
Branch of mathematics involving the tabulatin, analysis and interpretation of numerical data
52
Variable
Factor that varies in an experiment such as doasage level of an experimental drug
53
Replication
The attempt to duplicate findings reported by others to determine whether they will occur again under the same experimental conditions
54
Case study method
In depth review of one or mmore individuals, draws info from interviews, observations or written records
55
Survey method
Gathers information from target people through the use of structured interviews or questionnaires
56
Population
represents the total group of people who are subjects of interest
57
Samples
Segments of the population
58
Representative sampling
allows researchers to generalize their results from sample to population it represents
59
Random Sampling
a technique whereby individuals are sleected at random from a given population for participation in a sample
60
Social desirability bias
participants give answers that they believe are socially desirable rather than reflective of what they truly do
61
Volunteer bias
Type of bias that arises when people who volunteer to participate in research study have characteristics that makes them unrepresentative of the population from which they were drawn
62
Correlation method
Examine how variables relate to each other
63
Correlation coefficient
Statisical measure of association between 2 variables, vary from -1 to +1.
64
Experimental method
Method of scientific invistagation that involves manipulation of independent variable and observation of their effects on dependent varaibles. Explore cause and effects relationships
65
Independent variable
Factors manipulated in experiment
66
Operational definitions
a definition of variables based on the operations or procedures used to measure them
67
Dependent variable
Efffects or outcomes of an edxperienment that are believed to be depended on values of indpendent varaibles
68
control group
Group of particpants in experiment who do not recieve experimental treatment
69
Random assignment
A method of randomly assigning subjects to experimental or control groups
70
Placebo
Inert substance or experimental condition that resembles active treatment
71
Placebo effects
Positive outcomes of an experiment resulting from participants positive expectations about the treatment rather than from the treatment itself.

Psychology (12 decks)

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