Founding/ Constitutional Basics, American Federalism_1.1,1.2,1.3

Question 1

What is Government?
Explain what government is and what it does.

Answer 1

Government is the system that manages and governs a society. It creates and enforces laws, maintains order, and provides public services. There are different types of governments, such as democracies, monarchies, and dictatorships, each with its own structure. Governments play a crucial role in the economy, public services, national security, and addressing citizen needs.

Question 2

Why did colonist fight for “self-rule” during the American Revolution and in the following centuries?

Answer 2

In the American Revolution (1775–1783), colonists fought for self-rule. Later, people pushed to remove property requirements for voting (When people pushed to remove property requirements for voting, it means they advocated for the elimination of the condition that individuals must own a certain amount of property in order to be eligible to vote. This movement aimed to expand suffrage and allow those who didn’t own significant property, to participate in the democratic process. By removing property requirements, more people would have the opportunity to exercise their right to vote and have a voice in the political affairs of their country), allowing poor white men to participate in government. Over time, women, African Americans, and Native Americans also fought for their voting and office-holding rights.

Question 3

What type is the US Government?

Identify the type of government in the United States and compare it to other forms of government

Answer 3

The government of the United States can best be described as a republic, or representative democracy.

The United States has a federal democratic republic government, where power is divided between a central government and individual states. The government is elected by the people, and decisions are made by representatives chosen by the citizens. This form of government is different from a monarchy, dictatorship, direct democracy, socialism, or communism. It balances centralized authority with regional autonomy, emphasizes individual rights, and allows for checks and balances among branches of government. It also provides opportunities for public participation through elections and civic engagement.

Question 4

What are Politics?

Answer 4

Politics is about power, decision-making, and how societies function. It includes voting, governing, making policies, and solving conflicts. It affects governments, societies, and people’s lives in many ways.

Politics is the process of who gets what and how. Politics involves choosing which values government will support and which it will not.

Question 5

Governmental systems are confused with economic systems, why?

Answer 5

Capitalism emerged alongside the ideas of democratic republics, self-government, and natural rights in Western Europe and North America.

Governments enact laws, policies, and institutions that have an impact on economic activities such as trade, taxation, and property rights. In addition, they may provide social welfare programs, regulate industries, or intervene in the economy to address issues such as inequality or market failures.

The interaction of governmental and economic systems is complex, and their close proximity can give the impression that they are inherently intertwined.

Question 6

Who is John Locke…

Answer 6

An English political philosopher of the seventeenth century, who believed all people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. From this came the idea that people should be free to consent to being governed.

Question 7

Who is Adam Smith?

Answer 7

Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher, believed in the freedom of individuals to acquire property and operate independently without government or industry control. He argued that competition would keep prices low and remove faulty goods from the market, benefiting businesses and satisfying consumer needs. These ideas formed the basis for industrial capitalism, and Smith discussed them in his book The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776.

Although Smith theorized that capitalismwould lead to prosperity for all, this has not necessarily been the case.

Question 8

When was Adam Smith born?

Answer 8

Born nineteen years after Locke’s death.

Question 9

What is Capitalism?

Answer 9

Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership and profit. It means individuals and businesses can own things and make money from them. Competition and supply and demand determine prices. People have the freedom to choose what to produce and buy. It has been successful in creating wealth and encouraging innovation.

Question 10

What is Democracy?

Answer 10

Democracy is a form of government where the people have the power to choose their leaders and participate in decision-making. It is based on the principles of equality, freedom, and individual rights. Citizens can vote, express their opinions, and have a say in how their country is governed. It promotes the idea that all people are equal and deserve a voice in shaping their society.

Question 11

What is Socialism?

Answer 11

Socialism is an economic system where the government owns and controls key industries and resources. It focuses on promoting fairness and equality by redistributing wealth and providing social programs to support citizens’ needs. The aim is to create a more equal society where everyone has access to essential services and benefits.

Question 12

What is Oligarchy?

Answer 12

Oligarchy is a system where a small group of people has all the power in a government. They make decisions and control the country, often without considering the opinions or needs of the majority of the population.

For example, in China, the government is run by members of the Chinese Communist Party.

Question 13

What are Private Goods?

Answer 13

Private goods are things that individuals or specific groups own and use for themselves. These goods are not freely accessible to everyone and can only be obtained through ownership or purchase.

The market provides many goods and services needed by Americans. For example, food, clothing, and housing are provided in ample supply by private businesses that earn a profit in return. These goods and services are known as private goods.

Question 14

In the United States, the democratic government works closely together with its capitalist economic system, why?

Answer 14

The interconnectedness of the two influences how goods and services are distributed.

Question 15

What are Public Goods?

Answer 15

Such goods or services that are available to all without charge are called public goods. Two such public goods are national security and education.

Question 16

What are Public Schools?

Answer 16

Public schools are government-funded schools that are open to all students and offer free education. Their goal is to provide quality education for everyone, regardless of their background or money.

Question 17

What are Private Schools?

Answer 17

Private schools do provide some education in the United States; however, they charge tuition, and only those parents who can afford to pay their fees (or whose children gain a scholarship) can attend these institutions.

Question 18

What are Toll Goods?

Answer 18

Private schooling is a type of good called a toll good. Toll goods are available to many people, and many people can make use of them, but only if they can pay the price. They occupy a middle ground between public and private goods.

Question 19

What exactly are public goods?

Answer 19

The market cannot meet everyone’s needs (in sufficient quantity or at low enough prices).

Public goods are goods or services that are available to everyone for free. As a result, the government offers some services. Public goods are goods or services that are available to everyone for free.

Question 20

What public goods does government provide in the United States?

Answer 20

Provides a military, police and fire departments, public education. Transportation, mail service, and food, housing, and health care for the poor.

Question 21

What are Common Goods?

Answer 21

Common Goods are goods that all people may use free of charge but that are of limited supply, such as fish in the sea or clean drinking water. Because everyone can use these goods, they must be protected so a few people do not take everything that is available and leave others with nothing.

Question 22

Whar are Fishing Regulations?

Answer 22

The government regulates public access to common goods, such as natural resources, which are limited in supply. Unlike public goods that are freely available to everyone, common goods require regulation to prevent overuse or depletion. **For example, the government sets fishing limits to ensure sustainable fishing practices and protect fish populations from extinction. **Environmentalists support strict limits to preserve resources for future generations, while commercial fishers may resist them due to potential business impact. Decisions on fishing limits involve input from scientists, politicians, local resource managers, and fishing interest groups.

Question 23

How does government create a structure for making goods and services available to the people, and what are the roles of elected representatives in this process in the United States?

Answer 23

The government creates a structure for making goods and services available to the people. This is done through the enactment of laws by elected representatives, who govern at different levels such as city, state, and national. These laws regulate businesses, ensure fair practices, and protect consumers. The government also funds public goods and services by collecting taxes, which are used to allocate funds for education, public safety, infrastructure, and other priorities. Elected representatives play a vital role in decision-making, prioritizing funding, and representing the interests of the people in shaping the structure and availability of goods and services.

Question 24

egalitarianism?

Answer 24

Egalitarianism is an ideology or belief system that advocates for equality and equal treatment among all individuals. It promotes the idea that everyone should have the same rights, opportunities, and access to resources, regardless of their social or economic status. Egalitarianism strives to minimize socioeconomic inequalities and create a more equitable society. It is often associated with principles of social justice, fairness, and the redistribution of wealth and resources to ensure a more equal distribution among the population.

Question 25

What is **Civic engagement?**

Answer 25

Civic engagement is when people actively participate in their community and society. This can include things like voting, getting involved in community organizations, volunteering, and speaking up for important issues. It's an important part of democracy and **helps make positive changes in society.**

Question 26

What is **Political Power?**

Answer 26

Political power **is the ability to make decisions and control the actions of a political system.** It involves influencing laws, policies, and regulations. People, groups, or institutions can hold political power, using their authority and influence to shape how things are governed. It plays a significant role in determining how a society is governed and what policies are implemented.

Question 27

What is a **Representative Democracy?**

Answer 27

Representative democracy is **a system of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions and enact laws on their behalf.** Instead of direct participation in every decision, citizens vote for individuals who will represent their interests and make decisions on their behalf. These elected representatives form the legislative body and are responsible for creating and passing laws that reflect the will and needs of the people. Representative democracy allows for broader participation in decision-making while still maintaining an efficient and practical system of governance.

Question 28

What is the **Majority Rule?**

Answer 28

Majority rule is a principle in democracy **where decisions are made based on the preferences of the majority of people.**

Question 29

What are **Minority Rights?**

Answer 29

Minority rights refer to the protections and freedoms guaranteed to individuals or groups who are in the numerical minority. **It ensures that their rights, interests, and perspectives are respected and safeguarded, even if they differ from those of the majority.**

Question 30

What is **Direct Democracy?**

Answer 30

Direct democracy is a system where citizens directly **participate in decision-making**. They have a say in laws and policies without electing representatives. It promotes citizen involvement and ensures their opinions shape government decisions. However, it is more practical at the local level and requires an engaged citizenry. **It gives power to the people.**

Question 31

What is **Totalitarianism?**

Answer 31

Totalitarianism is a political system where the government has absolute control over everything and restricts individual freedoms. In a totalitarian regime, a single party or leader holds complete power and controls all aspects of society. **An example of a country that has been associated with totalitarianism in the past is North Korea.** The government tightly controls every aspect of life, limits personal freedoms, and suppresses opposition or dissent.

Question 32

what are **Monarchy's?**

Answer 32

Monarchy is **a government system where one person, typically a king or queen, has all the power and usually inherits the position.** The monarch rules over the country and makes important decisions. A simple example of monarchy is Saudi Arabia, where the ruling monarch, currently King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, holds absolute authority.

Question 33

Describe the **pluralism-elitism debate**

Answer 33

**The pluralism-elitism debate is about how power is distributed in societies.** **Pluralism says:** power is shared among different groups, while... **Elitism says:** power is controlled by a small, privileged elite. Some believe many groups compete for power, while others think a few elites hold most of it. Both views have different ideas about who has influence in society.

Question 34

**ELITISM VS. PLURALISM?**

Answer 34

Elitism and pluralism are two contrasting views about who holds power in society. **Elitism** suggests that a small group of privileged individuals has significant control over important decisions and policies. They have resources and influence that give them an upper hand in shaping society. **Pluralism**, on the other hand, believes that power is dispersed among different groups and interests. No single group has absolute control, and decisions are reached through negotiation and compromise among competing voices. The debate between elitism and pluralism revolves around how power is distributed and who has the most influence in shaping society.

Question 35

**Ivy League School and Elitism**

Answer 35

Among members of the House of Representatives, 95 percent have a bachelor’s degree, as do 100 percent of members of the Senate. **Fewer than 40% of U.S. adults have even an associate’s degree.**

Question 36

Why is the **makeup of Congress** important?

Answer 36

The makeup of Congress is important **because race, gender, profession, education, and socioeconomic status have an important effect on people’s political interests.** For example, changes in the way taxes are levied and spent do not affect all citizens equally. A flat tax, which generally requires that everyone pay the same percentage rate, hurts the poor more than it does the rich.

Question 37

Currently, about **half of the members of Congress are millionaires** | Why is this cause for concern?

Answer 37

**As of 2009, approximately 38 percent of Congress sent their children to private schools.** Overall, only 11 percent of the American population did so. Therefore, a Congress dominated by millionaires who send their children to private schools is more likely to believe that a flat tax is fair and that increased funding for public education is not a necessity. **Their experience, however, does not reflect the experience of average Americans.**

Question 38

According to **pluralist theory...**

Answer 38

People with shared interests will form groups in order to make their desires known to politicians. **These groups include such entities as environmental advocates, unions, and organizations that represent the interests of various businesses.**

Question 39

Who was the **Author Robert Dahl?**

Answer 39

**Author of Who Governs?**, was one of the first to advance the pluralist theory, and argued that politicians seeking an “electoral payoff” are attentive to the concerns of politically active citizens and, through them, become acquainted with the needs of ordinary people. **They will attempt to give people what they want** in exchange **for** their **votes**

Question 40

What was the **Tradeoffs Perspective?**

Answer 40

**The Tradeoffs Perspective** recognizes that decisions involve making sacrifices and compromises. **It emphasizes weighing the pros and cons to make the best choices.** | And that means on everything, no one person has the power to do anything

Question 41

**Since the framing of the U.S. Constitution, "TRADEOFFS" have been made between**

Answer 41

Those who favor the supremacy of the **Central Government** and those who believe that **State Governments** should be more powerful. | It's a give and take kind of relationship

Question 42

What is the **First Amendment?**

Answer 42

**The First Amendment** of the Constitution **gives Americans the right to express their opinions on matters of concern to them**; the federal government cannot interfere with this right. Because of the Fourteenth Amendment, state governments must protect this right also. At the same time, neither the federal government nor state governments can allow someone’s right to free expression to interfere with someone else’s ability to exercise their own rights. Actually: *Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances*

Question 43

What is **Fracking?**

Answer 43

**Fracking is a technique used to get natural gas and oil from deep underground.** It involves injecting a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals to break apart rocks and release the gas or oil. However, it's controversial because it can cause environmental problems like water pollution and earthquakes.

Question 44

What is the **NRA?**

Answer 44

**National Rifle Association** At the federal level, there has been widespread support in Congress to improve the background checking process. Indeed, **despite objections from the National Rifle Association, the Fix-NICS Act passed the House and Senate and was signed into law by President Trump as part of an omnibus spending bill in March 2018.**

Question 45

**Explain the importance of citizen engagement in a democracy**

Answer 45

Citizen engagement is important in democracy because **it allows people to have a say in decision-making, holds the government accountable, and helps shape policies. It promotes fairness, encourages transparency, and strengthens the democratic process.**

Question 46

**How can Americans engage and get involved in Government?**

Answer 46

Americans can influence and engage in government by voting, **contacting elected officials, joining advocacy groups, participating in community organizations, attending public meetings, running for office, supporting political campaigns, and staying informed.** These actions allow individuals to have a say in decisions, express their concerns, and shape the direction of government.

Question 47

Political scientist **Robert Putnam, Who was he?**

Answer 47

**Putnam argues that when people have fewer connections and interactions with others in small groups, their social capital decreases.** Social capital includes things like networks of individuals, a sense of belonging to something bigger, caring about the common good, and being willing to help others. **This decline in social capital has negatively affected people's willingness and ability to engage in representative government.** According to Putnam, this is unfortunate because being active in government and community organizations is important for various reasons.

Question 48

What is **Social Capital?**

Answer 48

**Social capital refers to the value of social connections and the benefits that come from them. It involves having a sense of belonging to a community, caring about the common good, and being willing to help others.** Social capital is important because it encourages people to engage in government and community organizations, work together to solve problems, and build trust among each other.

Question 49

Who did the right to vote belong to solely at first?

Answer 49

**White men** until the **Fifteenth Amendment** gave the vote to African American men. The **Nineteenth Amendment extended the vote to include women**, and the **Voting Rights Act of 1965** made exercising the right to vote a reality for **Black men and women in the South.**

Question 50

What do Civil Right Legislation focus on?

Answer 50

Besides focusing solely on the right to vote or to hold public office; **It integrated schools and public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in housing and employment, and increased access to higher education.**

Question 51

What is **Activism?**

Answer 51

Activism is **when people take action to create change in society.** They work together to **fight for causes they believe in**, like justice and equality. Activists may **organize protests, campaigns, or other activities to raise awareness and push for positive changes.** They are dedicated to making a difference and influencing public opinion and policies.

Question 52

**Individual Engagement** is useful, **why?**

Answer 52

Individual engagement is useful because it **allows people to actively participate in shaping society, expressing their opinions, and making a difference.** It gives individuals a voice, holds institutions accountable, and promotes positive change. It also fosters a sense of community and personal growth. Individuals can engage by attending political rallies, donating money to campaigns, and signing petitions

Question 53

Who are chosen by **Popular Vote?**

Answer 53

**City council members, mayors, state legislators, governors, and members of Congress** are all chosen by popular vote.

Question 54

Who are chosen by **Electoral College?**

Answer 54

The **president** of the United States **is not chosen** directly **by popular vote but by** a group called **the Electoral College.**

Question 55

**Why is it that College Students can vote nowadays?**

Answer 55

**Because of activism in the 1960's,** **Most states** at that time **required citizens to be twenty-one** years of age **before they could vote** in national elections. **This angered** many young people, especially **young men who could be drafted to fight the war in Vietnam.** They argued that it was unfair to deny eighteen-year olds the right to vote for the people who had the power to send them to war.

Question 56

What are examples of **Community Action?**

Answer 56

Tending **a community garden, building a house for Habitat for Humanity, cleaning up trash in a vacant lot, volunteering to deliver meals to the elderly, and tutoring children in after-school programs**

Question 57

**“buycotts?”**

Answer 57

Consumers purchase goods and services from companies that give extensively to charity, help the communities in which they are located, or take steps to protect the environment.

Question 58

What are **Factors of Engagement?**

Answer 58

Factors of engagement **are the things that influence people's involvement in civic and political activities.** Some important factors **include personal motivation, knowledge about politics, access to information, belief in one's ability to make a difference, support from social networks, trust in institutions, available time, and overcoming barriers or constraints.** These factors affect whether people choose to engage or not.

Question 59

**Why are more young people shying away from Partisan Politics?**

Answer 59

Young Americans are increasingly concerned about specific issues, such as same-sex marriage. **People whose votes are determined based on single issues are unlikely to vote according to party affiliation.**

Question 60

**Why was voter turnout low amoung the youth after Bernie Sanders?**

Answer 60

**In the past, low youth voter turnout was partly due to a lack of connection between candidates and the issues relevant to young people's lives. ** When candidates didn't address **topics like college costs or student loan debt**, **young voters lost interest** and in recent elections, candidates like Bernie Sanders, Joe Biden addressed this. Hillary Clinton tried it but the youth did not empatize with her. Focused on issues important to youth, such as free college tuition and student loan debt were a hot ticket. **Candidates like these led to increased participation** and enthusiasm among young voters.

Question 61

**Ideology?**

Answer 61

**Ideology refers to a set of beliefs, values, and ideas that shape a person's political, social, and economic perspectives.** It provides a framework for understanding the world and guides individuals' opinions and actions. **Political ideologies can range from conservatism and liberalism to socialism, libertarianism, and many others.** These ideologies influence how people view government, policies, social issues, and the distribution of power and resources. Ideology plays a significant role in shaping political discourse, party platforms, and voter preferences.

Question 62

**What is the likelihood that people will become active in politics?**

Answer 62

Depends not only on age but on such factors as wealth and education.

Question 63

What are **Latent Preferences?**

Answer 63

Latent preferences are **hidden or underlying preferences that affect people's attitudes and choices, even if they don't openly express them.**

Question 64

What are **Intense Preferences?**

Answer 64

Intense preferences are strong and passionate preferences that people have on specific issues or candidates. **They drive individuals to actively engage and express their views with great enthusiasm.** **The more money** that **one has** and the **more highly educated one is**, the **more likely** one **will form intense preferences** and **take political action**

Question 65

**Majority Rule?**

Answer 65

A fundamental principle of democracy; **the majority should have the power to make decisions binding upon the whole.**

Question 66

**Minority Rights?**

Answer 66

**Protections for those who** are **not part of the majority.**

Question 67

**Monarchy?**

Answer 67

A form of **government where one ruler**, usually a hereditary one, **holds political power**

Question 68

**Oligarchy?**

Answer 68

A form of **government where a handful of elite** society members **hold political power.**

Question 69

**Partisanship?**

Answer 69

**Strong support**, or **even blind allegiance**, for a **particular political party.**

Question 70

**Pluralist Theory?**

Answer 70

**Claims political power rests in the hands of groups** of **people.**

Question 71

**Political Power?**

Answer 71

**Influence** over a **government’s institutions, leadership, or policies**

Question 72

**Politics?**

Answer 72

The **process by which we decide** how **resources** will be **allocated** and **which policies government will pursue.**

Question 73

**Private Goods?**

Answer 73

Goods provided by private businesses that **can be used only by those who pay for them.**

Question 74

**Public Goods?**

Answer 74

Goods provided by government that **anyone can use** and that are **available to all without charge.**

Question 75

**Representative Democracy?**

Answer 75

A form of **government where voters elect representatives** to **make decisions** and **pass laws** on **behalf of all the people instead of allowing people to vote directly** on laws.

Question 76

**Social Capital?**

Answer 76

**Connections with others** and the **willingness to interact** and **aid them.**

Question 77

**Toll Good?**

Answer 77

A good that is **available to many people but** is **used only by** those **who can pay** the price to do so.

Question 78

**Totalitarianism?**

Answer 78

A form of **government where** government **is all-powerful** and citizens have **no rights** | Example, North Korea

Question 79

**Who Governs?** Elitism, Pluralism, and Tradeoffs

Answer 79

**Those who support the elite theory** of government **argue that a small, wealthy, powerful elite controls government and makes policy to benefit its members** and **perpetuate** their **power.** Others favor **the pluralist theory**, which **maintains that groups** representing** the people’s interests** do **attract** the **attention of politicians** and **can influence government policy**. In reality, government policy usually is the result of a series of tradeoffs as groups and elites fight with one another for influence and politicians attempt to balance the demands of competing interests, including the interests of the constituents who elected them to office.

Question 80

**Engagement in a Democracy?**

Answer 80

**Civic** and **political engagement allows politicians to know how the people feel.** It also **improves people’s lives** and **helps** them to **build connections** with others. Individuals can ed**ucate themselves on important issues** and events, **write to their senator** or **representative,** file a complaint at city hall, **attend a political rally,** or **vote.** **Wealthier, older,** more **highly educated citizens** are the **most likely to be engaged with** their **government**, especially **if they have intense preferences about an issue,** ***younger***, less **wealthy people can do much to change** their ***communities*** and their ***country*.**

Question 81

**What goods are available to all without direct payment?** a. private goods b. public goods c. common goods d. toll goods

Answer 81

**b.** public goods

Question 82

**In which form of government does a small group of elite people hold political power?** a. direct democracy b. monarchy c. oligarchy d. totalitarian

Answer 82

**c.** Oligarchy

Question 83

What is the **difference** between a **Representative Democracy** and a **Direct Democracy?**

Answer 83

**People elect representatives to make decisions** and govern **on their behalf** in a **representative democracy.** The elected representatives are accountable to the people through regular elections and are responsible for enacting laws and policies. Citizens participate in the **democratic process by electing their representatives.** **In a direct democracy,** on the other hand, **citizens directly participate in decision-making.** Individuals have the ability to vote on laws and policies rather than electing representatives. This is frequently **accomplished through referendums or initiatives,** in which citizens can express their preferences and make decisions on specific issues. The **primary distinction** between a **representative democracy and** a **direct democracy** is the **level of citizen participation in decision-making.** Citizens elect representatives to make decisions in a representative democracy, whereas citizens directly participate in decision-making in a direct democracy by voting on specific issues.

Question 84

**What does government do for people?**

Answer 84

Government **provides services** and **protection**, makes and **enforces laws,** **manages the economy,** supports **social welfare,** and **represents the country internationally.**

Question 85

**The Elite Theory of Government Maintains That ---------------.** a. special interest groups make government policy b. politicians who have held office for a long time are favored by voters c. poor people and people of color should not be allowed to vote d. wealthy, politically powerful people control government, and government has no interest in meeting the needs of ordinary people.

Answer 85

**d.** Wealthy, politically powerful people control government, and government has no interest in meeting the needs of ordinary people.

Question 86

**According to the pluralist theory of government, ----------------.** a. government does what the majority of voters want it to do b. government policy is formed as a result of the competition between groups with different goals and interests c. ordinary people acting on their own have a significant influence on government d. wealthy people decide what government policy will be, and politicians have no interest in pleasing anyone else

Answer 86

**b.** Government policy is formed as a result of the competition between groups with different goals and interests.

Question 87

**Which of the following is a good example of a tradeoff?** a. The government pleases environmental activists by preserving public lands but also pleases ranchers by allowing them to rent public lands for grazing purposes. b. The government pleases environmental activists by reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone National Park but angers ranchers by placing their cattle in danger. c. The government pleases oil companies by allowing them to drill on lands set aside for conservation but allows environmental activist groups to protest the drilling operations. d. Groups that represent a variety of conflicting interests are all allowed to protest outside Congress and the White House.

Answer 87

a. **The government pleases environmental activists by preserving public lands** but **also pleases ranchers** by **allowing them to rent** public **lands for grazing** purposes.

Question 88

**Supporting the actions of the Democratic Party simply because one identifies oneself as a member of that party is an example of -----------------.** a. partisanship b. ideology c. latent preference d. social capital

Answer 88

d. **Social Capital**

Question 89

**When a person is asked a question about a political issue that person has little interest in and has not thought much about, the person’s answer will likely reflect .** a. ideology b. partisanship c. intense preferences d. latent preferences

Answer 89

d. **Latent Preferences**

Question 90

**What kinds of people are most likely to become active** in **politics** or **community service?**

Answer 90

**People who are passionate about issues, have strong values, and possess a sense of civic responsibility**are more likely to become active in politics or community service. Additionally, i**ndividuals who have higher levels of education, financial stability, and free time** tend to be **more engaged** in such activities.

Question 91

**What political activities can people engage in other than running for office?**

Answer 91

People can **engage in various political activities without running for office.** They can volunteer, advocate for causes, join organizations, participate in grassroots movements, vote, donate, use social media for activism, attend community meetings, contact elected officials, and **educate themselves and others about political issues.** These activities help individuals actively participate in politics and make a difference.

Question 92

**Is citizen engagement necessary for a democracy to function? Explain**

Answer 92

Citizen engagement is **crucial for democracy.** It **means people getting involved** in **decision-making** and **holding elected officials** accountable. It **helps create** better **policies, strengthens communities**, and **encourages active citizenship**. In a nutshell, citizen engagement is **essential for a healthy and functioning democracy.**

Question 93

**Which is the more important reason for being engaged:** to gain **power or** improve the **quality of life?** Why?

Answer 93

Both gaining power and improving the quality of life are important reasons for citizen engagement. However, the primary focus should be on improving the **quality of life for all.** By actively participating in government and community affairs, **citizens can work together to create positive change and address societal issues,** leading to a better overall quality of life.

Question 94

**Are all Americans equally able to become engaged in government?** **What factors make it** more **possible** for some people to become engaged than others? What could be done to change this?

Answer 94

**NOT all Americans have equal opportunities** to engage in government. **Factors like socio-economic status, education, resources, and representation** can make it easier for some people to get involved. To address this, we should promote inclusivity, equal access, diverse representation, and encourage community participation.

Question 95

**Are there any redeeming qualities to elitism and any downsides to pluralism?**

Answer 95

**Elitism:** Good: Efficiency and expertise in decision-making. Bad: Unequal power distribution and limited representation. **Pluralism:** Good: Inclusivity and diverse perspectives. Bad:Slow decision-making and potential dominance of interest groups. Both have strengths and weaknesses. It's important to balance expertise and representation while avoiding concentrated power and limited inclusivity.**

Question 96

**Are there benefits to having Elites rule?**

Answer 96

Benefits of elite rule: **1. Expertise and knowledge in decision-making.** **2. Efficient and effective governance.** **3. Consistency in policy implementation.** However, it's important to ensure that elite rule does not lead to an unfair concentration of power or neglect the interests of the broader population.

Question 97

**Are there problems with allowing interest groups to exercise influence over government? Explain**

Answer 97

**Allowing interest groups to influence government** can be problematic. It **can lead to unequal representation, narrow policy focus, lack of transparency, policy manipulation, and marginalization of certain voices.**

Question 98

**The U.S. Constitution:**

Answer 98

It is described as **one of the world's most enduring symbols of democracy** and the oldest, **shortest written constitution still in existence.** The chapter addresses how the Constitution was written, the compromises made for its ratification, and why it remains a living, changing document.

Question 99

**John Locke's ideas:**

Answer 99

**John Locke**, a seventeenth-century English philosopher, **is mentioned as the most important political thinker** who influenced American beliefs about government. **His ideas about** the **relationship between government** and **natural rights, such as life, liberty, and property,** had a significant impact on American political thought.

Question 100

**Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights:**

Answer 100

These historical documents played a role in shaping American political thought. **Magna Carta, signed by King John in 1215, protected rights such as life, liberty, and property. The English Bill of Rights, influenced by Locke's ideas, enumerated the rights of English citizens and guaranteed similar rights.**

Question 101

**Origins of American political thought:**

Answer 101

The roots of American political thought can be traced back to various European traditions and historical events. **The belief in self-government, representative government, and the limited power of government** were key tenets of American political thought.

Question 102

**The American Revolution:**

Answer 102

The text discusses the events leading up to the American Revolution, including **the colonists' grievances against British rule. Factors such as taxation without consent, the imposition of direct taxes, and the violation of rights contributed to the colonists' desire for independence.**

Question 103

**What is the Declaration of Independence.**

Answer 103

The Declaration of Independence was **a document written in 1776 to declare that the American colonies were no longer under British rule.** It **stated that everyone has equal rights and the freedom to pursue happiness.** It listed complaints against the British king and inspired other revolutions.

Question 104

**Republic?**

Answer 104

A republic is a government **where people elect representatives** to **make decisions** on their behalf. It is **based on a constitution that protects citizens' rights** and **ensures fair governance** for the **benefit** of **all**.

Question 105

**Confederation?**

Answer 105

A confederation **is a system where independent states join together for common purposes** while **maintaining** their **individual sovereignty.** It is a loose alliance where **member states cooperate on certain issues, such as defense or trade, but retain their own governments and decision-making powers.**

Question 106

**WHAT WENT WRONG WITH THE ARTICLES?**

Answer 106

The Articles of Confederation had problems: **Weak central government: Couldn't enforce laws or collect taxes well.** * No **executive** branch: **No strong national leader.** * No national **court system**: Disputes **between states not resolved consistently.** * Hard to raise **funds**: **Relied** on voluntary **contributions**, led to **financial** **instability**. * **Lack** of **unity**: **States** acted independently, **had different interests.** * Hard to **amend**: Needed **all states to agree for changes.** These issues **led to adopting the United States Constitution.**

Question 107

**What steps were taken during and after the American Revolution to create a government?**

Answer 107

The **individual colonies formed a unified nation with a central government** capable of **directing the country's defense.** They **called upon delegates to create a new government strong enough** to win independence **but not overly powerful.**

Question 108

**What were the main features of the Articles of Confederation?**

Answer 108

The Articles of Confederation created an alliance of sovereign states with a **weak central government.** **Powers** **given** to the central **government** were **limited**, and each **state had one vote in Congress.**

Question 109

**Why did the Articles of Confederation favor the states over the central government?**

Answer 109

The Articles of Confederation **aimed to prevent the central government from becoming too powerful** or **abusing the rights of individual citizens**, thus favoring the states.

Question 110

**What powers did the Confederation Congress have under the Articles of Confederation?**

Answer 110

The Confederation Congress had the **authority to exchange ambassadors, make treaties, declare war, coin currency, borrow money, and settle disputes between states.**

Question 111

**What were the CRISES resulting from "KEY" features of the Articles of Confederation?**

Answer 111

The central **government lacked the power** to **impose taxes, regulate foreign trade or interstate commerce, raise an army or navy, and had limited ability to conduct foreign affairs.** These weaknesses **led to fiscal problems, economic difficulties,** and a lack of effective defense.

Question 112

**Why did the Articles of Confederation create a central government too weak to function effectively?**

Answer 112

The **desire for a weak central government** with limited power **led to the creation** of the **Articles of Confederation**. However, **their success** in **protecting the sovereignty of the states made** the central **government too weak** to c**arry out its responsibilities** effectively.

Question 113

**What was the significance of Shays' Rebellion?**

Answer 113

Shays' Rebellion, **led by heavily indebted farmers in Massachusetts, exposed the weaknesses of the central government under the Articles of Confederation.** The **government had no power to raise an army** and **provide assistance**, highlighting **the need for a stronger national government.**

Question 114

**What were the limitations on the central government's power under the Articles of Confederation?**

Answer 114

The **central government could not impose taxes on citizens, regulate foreign trade or interstate commerce, raise an army, and had no national judicial system.** Changes to the Articles **required unanimous approval** of **all thirteen states.**

Question 115

**How did the lack of taxation power affect the national government?**

Answer 115

The national government had to rely on requests for money from the states, which were often not honored. This resulted in **underfunding of the government, inability to pay debts, and difficulties in conducting foreign affairs.**

Question 116

**Why did the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation lead to calls for revision?**

Answer 116

The weaknesses, including **the inability to regulate trade, impose tariffs, and provide a strong defense, became apparent through events like Shays' Rebellion.** These shortcomings prompted members of Congress to call for a revision of the Articles of Confederation.

Question 117

**What is the 3/5 Compromise?**

Answer 117

The Three-Fifths Compromise was a decision **made during the creation of the U.S. Constitution in 1787**. It said that enslaved people would be counted as three-fifths of a person when determining a state's population. **This compromise was a result of a disagreement between states on how to count enslaved individuals. It had an impact on political representation and taxation in the country.**

Question 118

**What is serperation of powers?**

Answer 118

The separation of powers is** a principle that divides government into different branches to prevent too much power in one place.** There are **three branches**: the **lawmakers, the enforcers, and the interpreters of laws.** Each branch has its own role and keeps the others in check. This helps protect people's rights and keeps the government accountable.

Question 119

**Check and Balances?**

Answer 119

Checks and balances is **a system in government that ensures that no single branch has too much power. It works by allowing each branch to limit the actions of the other branches. This helps prevent abuse of power and promotes a balance of authority.** For example, the legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws. They all have the ability to check and balance the actions of the others, creating a system of accountability and safeguarding the rights of the people.

Question 120

**What is a federal system?**

Answer 120

A federal system is a form of government **where power is shared between a central government and regional governments.**

Question 121

**How does a federal system distribute power?**

Answer 121

It distributes power **by giving authority to both the central government and regional governments to make decisions and laws within their jurisdiction.**

Question 122

**Give an example of a country with a federal system.**

Answer 122

**The United States** is an example of a country with a **federal system.**

Question 123

**What is the purpose of a federal system?**

Answer 123

The purpose is **to balance a unified national government with local autonomy and allow for the sharing of power between different levels of government.**

Question 124

**What are some advantages of a federal system?**

Answer 124

Advantages include **allowing for local governance, accommodating regional diversity, and providing checks and balances on government power.**

Question 125

**How does a federal system work in the United States?**

Answer 125

In the United States,** the federal government handles national issues, while individual states have control over certain matters within their boundaries.**

Question 126

**What is the significance of a federal system?**

Answer 126

A federal system **helps maintain a balance of power, protect individual rights, and accommodate diverse regional interests.**

Question 127

**What is the main concept behind a federal system?**

Answer 127

The main concept is** the sharing of power and responsibilities between a central government and regional governments.**

Question 128

**How does a federal system contribute to a system of checks and balances?**

Answer 128

It provides checks and balances **by ensuring that power is not concentrated in one entity and allowing different levels of government to limit each other's actions.**

Question 129

**Why is the federal system important in a democratic society?**

Answer 129

The federal system **helps protect local interests, promote participation in decision-making, and prevent the concentration of power** in a single authority.

Question 130

**The Ratification of the Constitution?**

Answer 130

The Ratification of the Constitution refers to **the process by which the United States Constitution was officially approved and put into effect.**

Question 131

What is the **Ammendment Process?**

Answer 131

This **typically involves proposing the amendment, obtaining the necessary approvals** from designated entities such as **legislative bodies or voting populations**, and **formally incorporating the amendment into the constitution** or **document**. The **purpose** of the amendment process is **to ensure that the constitution remains adaptable** and reflective of the **evolving needs** and values of society.

Question 132

**What is the Bill of Rights?**

Answer 132

**The Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments** to the United States Constitution. These amendments were added shortly after the Constitution was **ratified** **in 1791.** The Bill of Rights outlines and **protects individual rights and freedoms**, such as **freedom of speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial.** It serves as a crucial **safeguard against government encroachment on personal liberties** and is considered a **fundamental aspect of the Constitution.** The Bill of Rights has played a significant role in shaping American law and ensuring the protection of citizens' rights throughout the nation's history.

Question 133

**What was the purpose of adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution?**

Answer 133

**The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to address concerns about** protecting **individual rights.** It includes rights like the right to bear arms, the right to a fair trial, and protection against excessive punishment. It was influenced by English and Virginia laws and was meant to ensure that the government respects and defends people's rights.

Question 134

**Who were the Anti-Federalists?**

Answer 134

Those who **did not support ratification** of the Constitution.

Question 135

**What were the Articles of Confederation?**

Answer 135

The first basis for the new nation's government; **created an alliance of sovereign states with a weak central government.**

Question 136

**What is a "Bicameral Legislature?"**

Answer 136

A **legislature with two houses**, such as the **U.S. Congress.**

Question 137

**What is the Bill of Rights?**

Answer 137

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, designed to protect fundamental rights and liberties.

Question 138

**What is the concept of checks and balances?**

Answer 138

**A system that allows one branch of government to limit the power of another branch, promoting cooperation among different parts of government.**

Question 139

**What is a confederation?**

Answer 139

A **highly decentralized form of government** where **sovereign states unite for common purposes**, such as **mutual defense.**

Question 140

**What is the Declaration of Independence?**

Answer 140

A **document written in 1776 by American colonists proclaiming their independence from Great Britain** and **listing their grievances against the British king.**

Question 141

**What are enumerated powers?**

Answer 141

**Powers explicitly given to the federal government by the Constitution**, such as **regulating interstate commerce, raising armies, and conducting foreign affairs.**

Question 142

**What is a federal system of government?**

Answer 142

A form of government where **power is divided between state governments and a national government.**

Question 143

**Who were the Federalists?**

Answer 143

**Those** who **supported** the **ratification** of the **Constitution**.

Question 144

**What is the Great Compromise?**

Answer 144

A **compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan**, **creating a two-house Congress** with **representation based on population in the House of Representatives** and **equal representation of states in the Senate.**

Question 145

**What are natural rights?**

Answer 145

**Rights to life, liberty, and property believed to be given by God**, which no government can take away.

Question 146

**What is the New Jersey Plan?**

Answer 146

**A plan that called for a one-house national legislature with equal representation for each state.**

Question 147

**What is a republic?**

Answer 147

A form of **government where political power rests with the people** and is **exercised through elected representatives, not a monarch.**

Question 148

**What are reserved powers?**

Answer 148

**Powers** not prohibited by the Constitution or delegated to the national government, **reserved for the states and denied to the federal government.**

Question 149

**What is the separation of powers?**

Answer 149

The **division of powers among three separate branches of government to prevent the concentration of power in one entity.** | Executive, Legislature, Judiciary

Question 150

**What is a social contract?**

Answer 150

**An agreement between people and government **where **citizens consent to be governed in exchange for the government protecting their natural rights.**

Question 151

**What is the supremacy clause?**

Answer 151

The **statement** in **Article VI **of the **Constitution** that **declares federal law** to be **superior to laws passed by state legislatures.**

Question 152

**What are The Federalist Papers?**

Answer 152

**A collection of eighty-five essays** written by **Alexander Hamilton**, **James Madison**, and **John Jay** in support of the **ratification** of the **Constitution**.

Question 153

**What is the Three-Fifths Compromise?**

Answer 153

A **compromise between northern and southern states** that **counted three-fifths of the enslaved population** for both federal **taxation** and **representation** in Congress.

Question 154

**What is a "Unicameral Legislature?"**

Answer 154

A legislature with **only one house,** such as the **Confederation Congress or the legislature proposed by the New Jersey Plan.**

Question 155

**What is a veto?**

Answer 155

The **power** of the **president to reject a law proposed** by Congress.

Question 156

**What is the Virginia Plan?**

Answer 156

**A plan for a two-house legislature** where **representatives in the lower house** would **be elected** based on each **state's population.** Representatives in the **upper house would be chosen by the lower house.**

Question 157

**What is the Virginia Plan?**

Answer 157

**A plan for a two-house legislature** where **representatives in the lower house** would **be elected** based on each **state's population.** Representatives in the **upper house would be chosen by the lower house.**

Question 158

**British colonists in North America in the late seventeenth century were greatly influenced by the political thought of --------.** A. King James II B. Thomas Jefferson C. John Locke D. James Madison

Answer 158

**C.** John Locke

Question 159

**The agreement that citizens will consent to be governed so long as government protects their natural rights is called .** A. the divine right of kings B. the social contract C. a bill of rights D. due process

Answer 159

**B.** the social contract ## Footnote The social contract is the idea that individuals agree to be governed in exchange for protection of their rights and the welfare of society. **It suggests that governments derive their authority from the consent of the governed.**

Question 160

**What key tenets of American political thought were influential in the decision to declare independence from Britain?**

Answer 160

The decision to declare independence from Britain was influenced by important ideas in American political thought. **These ideas included the belief in natural rights, the social contract theory, republicanism, the principle of self-government, and the consent of the governed.** The colonists felt that the British government's actions violated these principles, **leading them to seek independence in order to protect their rights, establish self-rule, and ensure that the government had the people's consent.**

Question 161

**What *actions* by the British government *convinced* the colonists that they needed to declare their independence?**

Answer 161

The colonists declared their independence from Britain due to a series of actions by the British government. **These actions included imposing taxes without colonial consent, implementing restrictive trade policies, quartering troops in colonists' homes, suppressing colonial assemblies, and engaging in violent clashes.** The colonists *saw these actions as violations of their rights* and **believed that declaring independence was necessary** to secure their freedoms and establish self-governance.

Question 162

**What important power did the national government *lack* under the Articles of Confederation?** A. It could not coin money. B. It could not declare war. C. It could not impose taxes. D. It could not conduct foreign affairs.

Answer 162

**C.** It could not impose taxes.

Question 163

**In what ways did Shays’ Rebellion reveal the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?**

Answer 163

Shays' Rebellion exposed weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation: **Lack of central power:** The government **couldn't handle the rebellion** effectively. **Limited military** and **financial authority**: It **couldn't raise an army** or **collect taxes**. **Slow decision-making:** Requiring unanimous agreement caused delays. **Weak economic regulation:** The government couldn't address economic issues. This **led to the creation** of a stronger **central government with the U.S. Constitution**.

Question 164

**According to the Great Compromise, how would representation in Congress be apportioned?** A. Each state would have equal representation in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. B. Congress would be a unicameral legislature with each state receiving equal representation. C. Representation in the House of Representatives would be based on each state’s population and every state would have two senators. D. Representation in both the House of Representatives and the Senate would be based on a state’s population.

Answer 164

**C.** Representation in the House of Representatives would be based on each state’s population and every state would have two senators.

Question 165

**How did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention resolve their disagreement regarding slavery?** A. It was agreed that Congress would abolish slavery in 1850. B. It was agreed that a state’s enslaved population would be counted for purposes of representation but not for purposes of taxation. C. It was agreed that a state’s enslaved population would be counted for purposes of taxation but not for purposes of representation. D. It was agreed that 60 percent of a state’s enslaved population would be counted for purposes of both representation and taxation.

Answer 165

**D.** It was agreed that 60 percent of a state’s enslaved population would be counted for purposes of both representation and taxation.

Question 166

**What does separation of powers mean?**

Answer 166

Separation of powers **means dividing government authority among different branches.** The **legislative branch makes laws**, the **executive branch enforces them**, and the **judicial branch interprets them. ** This system prevents one branch from having too much power and promotes checks and balances in government.

Question 167

**Why were The Federalist Papers written?** A. To encourage states to oppose the Constitution. B. To encourage New York to ratify the Constitution. C. To oppose the admission of slaveholding states to the federal union. D. To encourage people to vote for George Washington as the nation’s first president.

Answer 167

**B.** To encourage New York to ratify the Constitution. ## Footnote The Federalist Papers were written to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. They were a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius." The main purpose of these papers was to present arguments and explanations to convince people of the importance and benefits of adopting the new Constitution. **The Federalist Papers aimed to address concerns, counter anti-Federalist arguments, and persuade the public of the necessity of a strong federal government and the advantages it would bring, such as safeguarding individual rights, promoting stability, and ensuring effective governance.**

Question 168

**What argument did Alexander Hamilton use to convince people that it was not dangerous to place power in the hands of one man?** A. That man would have to pass a religious test before he could become president; thus, citizens could be sure that he was of good character. B. One man could respond to crises more quickly than a group of men like Congress. C. It was easier to control the actions of one man than the actions of a group. D. Both B and C

Answer 168

**D.** Both B and C ## Footnote Hamilton argued that it was not dangerous to give power to one person as the president. He believed that a single executive would be more efficient, accountable, and consistent in decision-making. He also emphasized that the Constitution's system of checks and balances would prevent abuse of power.

Question 169

**Why did so many people oppose ratification of the Constitution, and how was their opposition partly overcome?**

Answer 169

**Many people opposed the Constitution's ratification for reasons such as fear of centralized power, lack of a Bill of Rights**, and **concerns about representation.** To **overcome opposition**, **supporters wrote** the **Federalist Papers** to **explain** and **justify the Constitution.** They also **promised** to add a **Bill of Rights** and made compromises with opponents. These efforts **helped address concerns** and **secure ratification.**

Question 170

**How many states must ratify an amendment before it becomes law?** A. all B. three-fourths C. two-thirds D. one-half

Answer 170

**B.** three-fourths

Question 171

**What is the Bill of Rights?** A. first ten amendments to the Constitution that protect individual freedoms B. powers given to Congress in Article I of the Constitution C. twenty-seven amendments added to the Constitution over the years D. document authored by Thomas Jefferson that details the rights of the citizens

Answer 171

**A.** first ten amendments to the Constitution that protect individual freedoms

Question 172

**What did the Fourteenth Amendment achieve?**

Answer 172

The Fourteenth Amendment achieved several important goals: **It provided equal protection under the law, ensured due process of law, granted citizenship rights to those born or naturalized in the US, and incorporated certain provisions of the Bill of Rights to protect fundamental rights at both the federal and state levels.**

Question 173

**What core values and beliefs led to the American Revolution and the writing of the Articles of Confederation? How do these values and beliefs affect American politics today?**

Answer 173

**The American Revolution and the writing of the Articles of Confederation were driven by core values** like **liberty**, **self-governance**, and **protection of individual rights.** These values still impact American politics today by shaping the democratic process, **upholding fundamental rights, and influencing debates **on **federalism and the balance of power between** the federal **government and states.**

Question 174

**Was Britain truly depriving colonists of their natural rights? Explain your reasoning.**

Answer 174

**Yes, Britain was seen as depriving colonists of their natural rights. This was mainly due to the imposition of taxes without the colonists' consent or representation in the British Parliament.** The **colonists believed** they had a right to participate **in decision-making processes that affected them.**

Question 175

**Do the Constitution and the Bill of Rights protect the life, liberty, and property of all Americans? Why or why not?**

Answer 175

**Yes, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights protect the life, liberty, and property of all Americans.** These foundational documents **establish** the **framework** for individual **rights and freedoms in the United States.** They provide safeguards and legal protections to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their background or status, are entitled to these fundamental rights. **The Constitution and the Bill of Rights serve as a vital framework for upholding and protecting the rights and well-being of all Americans.**

Question 176

**Was the Bill of Rights a necessary addition to the Constitution? Defend your answer.**

Answer 176

**Yes, the Bill of Rights was necessary because it protects individual rights,** addresses concerns raised during the ratification process, balances federal and state power, ensures public support, and has influenced global constitutionalism. **Its inclusion reassured people that their rights would be respected under the new government and has been crucial for safeguarding individual liberties in the United States.**

Question 177

**One of the chief areas of compromise at the Constitutional Convention was the issue of slavery. Should delegates who opposed slavery have been willing to compromise? Why or why not?**

Answer 177

Delegates who opposed slavery faced a difficult choice at the Constitutional Convention. **Some believed compromising on slavery was necessary to create a strong central government and gain support from slaveholding states. However, compromising on such a grave injustice went against the moral principles of those who opposed slavery.** They recognized the contradiction between liberty and slavery. The compromises made during the convention reflected the complexities of the issue and the divisions within the nation.

Question 178

**Is the federal government too powerful? Should states have more power? If so, what specific power(s) should states have?**

Answer 178

Some people believe the federal government has too much power and think states should have more authority. They argue that states can better address the needs of their residents. **They might suggest giving states more control over education, healthcare, criminal justice, taxation, and environmental regulations. Others argue for a stronger federal government to ensure consistent policies and protect individual rights.** Finding the right balance is an ongoing and complex discussion.

Question 179

**What new amendments should be added to the Constitution? Why?**

Answer 179

**Campaign Finance Reform Amendment:** This amendment could aim to address the influence of money in politics by implementing stricter regulations on campaign financing, limiting corporate donations, and promoting transparency. **Equal Rights Amendment (ERA):** The ERA seeks to guarantee equal rights for all citizens, regardless of their gender. While the ERA has been proposed multiple times since the 1920s, it has yet to be ratified by the required number of states. **Term Limits for Members of Congress:**Some argue that term limits would promote a more diverse and dynamic representation in government, reducing the potential for corruption and increasing opportunities for new voices and fresh perspectives. **Voting Rights Amendment:** This amendment could aim to protect and expand voting rights, ensuring fair and accessible elections for all citizens. It might address issues such as gerrymandering, voter suppression, and modernizing the voting system. **Privacy Rights Amendment:** Given the advancements in technology and the growing concerns about data privacy, an amendment could explicitly outline the right to privacy and establish safeguards against unwarranted surveillance and data breaches.

Question 180

**What is federalism?**

Answer 180

Federalism is **an institutional arrangement that divides powers between the national and subnational levels of government**, creating a cooperative and balanced system.

Question 181

**What are the two levels of government in the United States?**

Answer 181

The United States has the **federal government** (national level) and **state governments** (subnational level).

Question 182

**What powers does the national government have?**

Answer 182

The national government **handles matters that affect the entire country, such as defense, national economic policies, and currency.**

Question 183

**What powers do state governments have?**

Answer 183

State governments are respo**nsible for regional matters, including education, healthcare, public safety, and other public services.**

Question 184

**How do federal and state governments cooperate?**

Answer 184

Cooperation between federal and state governments is crucial for effective governance. **Financial assistance, sharing of resources, and coordination are common forms of cooperation.**

Question 185

**How does the national constitution shape federalism?**

Answer 185

A **written** national **constitution**, like in the United States, **assigns powers to each level of government** and **ensures** changes require **substantial consent** from **subnational governments**.

Question 186

**How are disputes between levels of government resolved?**

Answer 186

Disputes are often resolved **by national courts, with the U.S. Supreme Court being the final arbiter** in **conflicts** **between** **states** and the federal **government**.

Question 187

**How does federalism balance decentralization and centralization?**

Answer 187

Federalism balances decentralization **by granting states certain powers and centralization by reserving exclusive powers for the federal government.**

Question 188

**How does federalism benefit citizens?**

Answer 188

Federalism all**ows for regional autonomy, tailored policies, citizen participation**, and a system of **checks and balances to prevent abuse of power.**

Question 189

**What are the disadvantages of federalism?**

Answer 189

Disadvantages include conflic**ts between federal and state laws**, **inconsistencies across states**, and **complexities when crossing state borders.**

Question 190

**How is federalism different from a unitary system?**

Answer 190

Federalism **divides powers between levels of government**, while a **unitary** **system** **concentrates power in the national government.**

Question 191

**What is devolution?**

Answer 191

Devolution is the **transfer of powers from the national government to regional or local governments** within a **unitary system.**

Question 192

**Which countries have a federal system besides the United States?**

Answer 192

**Federal systems are found in countries like Germany, Mexico, Canada, Australia, Brazil**, and **Switzerland**.

Question 193

**How does federalism contribute to democracy?**

Answer 193

**Federalism promotes democracy by** allowing **localized decision-making, diverse representation**, and **citizen engagement at different levels** of **government**.

Question 194

**Can federalism evolve over time?**

Answer 194

**Yes, federalism is an evolving system that can be modified through constitutional amendments, legislative changes, or political reforms** to adapt to changing needs and circumstances.

Question 195

**What is a confederation?**

Answer 195

In a confederation, **authority is decentralized, and the central government's ability to act depends on the consent of the subnational governments.**

Question 196

**How did the Articles of Confederation shape the United States government?**

Answer 196

Under the Articles of Confederation, states were sovereign and powerful while the national government was subordinate and weak.

Question 197

**What were the drawbacks of the confederation system in the United States?**

Answer 197

The **main drawback** of the **confederation system** was that it **maximized regional self-rule at the expense of effective national governance,** leading to challenges in areas such as war debt servicing, ending commercial disputes among states, negotiating trade agreements, and addressing popular uprisings.

Question 198

**How does the Constitution direct the functioning of U.S. federalism?**

Answer 198

The Constitution contains provisions that delineate the scope of national and state power, shape relationships among the states, and between the states and the federal government.

Question 199

**Where are the powers of the national legislature defined in the Constitution?**

Answer 199

The enumerated powers of the national legislature are found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. ## Footnote The powers of the national legislature, Congress, are defined in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. These powers **include the authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, coin money, establish post offices, declare war, and more.** These powers outline what the federal government can do within its jurisdiction.

Question 200

**How does the elastic clause enable the federal government to fulfill its responsibilities?**

Answer 200

The **elastic clause**, also known as the necessary and proper clause,** allows Congress to make laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out its constitutional responsibilities.**

Question 201

**What powers do state governments possess according to the Constitution?**

Answer 201

The powers of state governments were **not listed** in the original Constitution, **but they were understood** to retain any powers not prohibited by the Constitution or delegated to the national government.

Question 202

**How are state powers protected by the Constitution**

Answer 202

The **Tenth Amendment affirms** the states' **reserved powers**, stating that powers not delegated to the United States **are reserved to the states or the people.**

Question 203

**How has federalism evolved to include shared and overlapping powers?**

Answer 203

Contemporary U.S. federalism **includes shared and overlapping powers, such as taxing, borrowing, making and enforcing laws, and establishing court systems.**

Question 203

**How has federalism evolved to include shared and overlapping powers?**

Answer 203

Contemporary U.S. federalism **includes shared and overlapping powers, such as taxing, borrowing, making and enforcing laws, and establishing court systems.**

Question 204

**privileges and immunities clause?**

Answer 204

The Privileges and Immunities Clause in the U.S. Constitution prohibits states from treating citizens of other states unfairly. It ensures that all citizens have equal rights and protections, regardless of where they live. This clause guarantees basic freedoms like the right to travel, access to courts, and property rights for everyone in the country. However, states can have some differences in how they treat residents and non-residents, as long as they don't violate important rights.

Question 205

**How did the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 affect the federal government's revenue?**

Answer 205

The amendment **allowed Congress to impose income taxes without apportioning it among the states based on population,** significantly increasing the federal government's ability to raise revenue.

Question 206

**What are federal grants, and how do they impact state and local governments?**

Answer 206

* Federal grants are transfers of federal money to state and local governments, intended to support their activities and encourage them to pursue federal policy objectives. * These grants have accounted for an increasing share of state and local governments' total revenue.

Question 207

**What are the major sources of revenue for the federal government?**

Answer 207

The** federal government primarily relies on individual income taxes and payroll taxes (including Social Security and Medicare taxes)** for its revenue.

Question 208

**How do states generate revenue for their activities**

Answer 208

States generate revenue through various sources, including sales taxes, individual income taxes, property taxes, and service charges (such as tuition fees and hospital-related fees).

Question 209

**Are all states subject to individual income taxes?**

Answer 209

No, some states, including Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming, do not have individual income taxes.

Question 210

**What is the most significant source of tax revenue for local governments?**

Answer 210

The property tax, a levy on residential and commercial real estate, is the most important source of tax revenue for local governments.

Question 211

**How do intergovernmental grants support state and local governments?**

Answer 211

Intergovernmental grants provide financial assistance to state and local governments during both good and challenging economic times. They help governments carry out regular functions and provide relief when their own revenue streams are affected.

Question 212

**How did federal grants respond to the Great Recession of 2007-2009?**

Answer 212

During the Great Recession, federal grants to state and local governments increased by roughly 33% to alleviate the adverse effects of the economic downturn.

Question 213

**What was the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on federal funding to states and local governments?**

Answer 213

* The pandemic led to a significant increase in federal funding to states and local governments. * The American Rescue Plan Act and the Coronavirus Relief Fund provided substantial financial aid to support pandemic-related expenses and economic recovery.

Question 214

**What were the major spending categories in the federal budget in 2019?**

Answer 214

The three largest spending categories in the federal budget were Social Security, healthcare and health insurance programs (including Medicare and Medicaid), and defense.

Question 215

**What is the purpose of the Constitution's federal framework in the United States?**

Answer 215

The purpose of the Constitution's federal framework in the United States is to establish a system of government where power is divided between the national government and the state governments, allowing for a balance of power and protection of individual rights.

Question 216

**Who were the key figures involved in the struggle between national power and state power in the early years of American federalism?**

Answer 216

Key figures involved in the struggle between national power and state power in the early years of American federalism include Alexander Hamilton, who advocated for a strong central government, and Thomas Jefferson, who championed states' rights and a more limited federal government.

Question 217

**What were the constitutional questions raised in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland?**

Answer 217

The constitutional questions raised in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland were whether the national government had the authority to establish a national bank and whether a state had the power to tax a federal institution.

Question 218

**How did Chief Justice John Marshall's ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland establish the doctrine of implied powers?**

Answer 218

Chief Justice John Marshall's ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland established the doctrine of implied powers, stating that the national government has powers that are not explicitly listed in the Constitution but are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers.

Question 219

**What was the significance of the Supreme Court's ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden?**

Answer 219

The Supreme Court's ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden affirmed that the federal government has the power to regulate interstate commerce, broadening the scope of federal authority and limiting the power of the states in this area.

Question 220

**How did the doctrine of nullification challenge national laws in the late 1700s and 1830s?**

Answer 220

The doctrine of nullification challenged national laws in the late 1700s and 1830s by asserting that individual states had the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional within their jurisdictions and therefore nullify their enforcement.

Question 221

**What impact did the Civil War have on the balance of power between the states and the national government?**

Answer 221

**The Civil War significantly shifted the balance of power between the states and the national government.** It **confirmed** the **supremacy of** the **federal government** over the states **and established** that **secession was not a legitimate right of the states.**

Question 222

**What impact did the Civil War have on the balance of power between the states and the national government?**

Answer 222

**The concept of dual federalism, prevalent in the late 1800s, emphasized a strict separation of powers between the federal and state governments,** with each level of government exercising its own distinct powers and responsibilities.

Question 223

**How did the Great Depression influence the evolution of American federalism?**

Answer 223

**The Great Depression influenced the evolution of American federalism by prompting the expansion of the federal government's role in the economy and social welfare programs**, as it was seen as necessary to address the widespread economic crisis.

Question 224

**What was the era of cooperative federalism, and how did it change the relationship between the states and the national government?**

Answer 224

The era of cooperative federalism, which **emerged during the New Deal and continued into the mid-20th century, involved increased cooperation and coordination between the states and the federal government to address national issues and implement shared policies and programs.** This era saw greater intergovernmental collaboration**** and the pooling of resources and authority.

Question 225

**Nullification?**

Answer 225

Nullification is the idea that individual states can declare federal laws unconstitutional within their own jurisdictions and refuse to enforce them. It suggests that states have the power to determine the constitutionality of laws and reject those they consider unconstitutional. However, this concept has been largely rejected by the federal government and courts, which believe that the authority to interpret the Constitution and declare laws unconstitutional lies with the federal judiciary, specifically the Supreme Court. ## Footnote A nullification crisis emerged in the 1830s over President Andrew Jackson’s tariff acts of 1828 and 1832. Led by John Calhoun, President Jackson’s vice president, nullifiers argued that high tariffs on imported goods benefited northern manufacturing interests while disadvantaging economies in the South. South Carolina passed an Ordinance of Nullification declaring both tariff acts null and void and threatened to leave the Union. The federal government responded by enacting the Force Bill in 1833, authorizing President Jackson to use military force against states that challenged federal tariff laws. The prospect of military action coupled with the passage of the Compromise Tariff Act of 1833 (which lowered tariffs over time) led South Carolina to back off, ending the nullification crisis.

Question 226

**What ruling established the doctrine of implied powers and granted Congress discretionary power?**

Answer 226

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) ## Footnote McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) was a landmark Supreme Court case that established the doctrine of implied powers. The ruling granted Congress a broad source of discretionary power to fulfill its constitutional responsibilities. It affirmed that Congress had the authority to take actions not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution if those actions were necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers.

Question 227

**Which principle prohibits states from interfering with the lawful activities of the national government?**

Answer 227

National supremacy ## Footnote The principle of national supremacy, derived from the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution (Article VI), establishes that legitimate national laws take precedence over conflicting state laws. It ensures that states cannot meddle or interfere with the lawful activities and policies of the national government.

Question 228

**What Supreme Court decision strengthened the power of the national government in regulating interstate commerce?**

Answer 228

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ## Footnote Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) was a significant Supreme Court decision that expanded the power of the national government in regulating interstate commerce. The ruling broadly interpreted the commerce clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8), defining "interstate commerce" as encompassing commercial activities among states. It affirmed that Congress had exclusive authority in regulating navigation and that federal law superseded state licenses or monopolies in areas of interstate commerce.

Question 229

**Which crisis emerged in the 1830s over President Andrew Jackson's tariff acts?**

Answer 229

Nullification crisis ## Footnote The nullification crisis arose in the 1830s as a result of President Andrew Jackson's tariff acts, particularly the Tariff of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832. The crisis revolved around the disagreement between South Carolina and the federal government over the constitutionality and economic impact of these tariffs. South Carolina declared the tariffs null and void within its borders, asserting the concept of nullification, which argued that states had the right to reject or invalidate federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

Question 230

**What event marked the ultimate showdown between national and state authority?**

Answer 230

The Civil War ## Footnote The Civil War, which took place from 1861 to 1865, marked the definitive clash between national and state authority. Initially triggered by secessionist movements in the Southern states in response to the election of President Abraham Lincoln, the conflict evolved into a war fought primarily over the issue of slavery. The outcome of the war solidified the supremacy of the national government, abolished slavery, and affirmed that states did not possess the right to secede from the Union or challenge legitimate national laws.

Question 231

**Cooperative Federalism, simplified:**

Answer 231

* Cooperative federalism is a model of governance where the national and state governments work together and coordinate their actions to solve national issues. It involves a blending of powers and cooperation between the two levels of government. This approach allows for joint decision-making and collaboration in addressing problems that affect the entire country. New Federalism, simplified: * New federalism is a concept that emphasizes returning power and responsibilities from the national government back to the states. It seeks to decentralize authority and give states more control over policy decisions and funding. The goal is to promote greater state autonomy and reduce the influence of the federal government in certain areas, allowing states to address their unique needs and preferences.

Question 232

Block grant

Answer 232

A type of grant that comes with less stringent federal administrative conditions and provide recipients more latitude over how to spend grant funds

Question 233

Categorical grant

Answer 233

A federal transfer formulated to limit recipients’ discretion in the use of funds and subject them to strict administrative criteria

Question 234

Concurrent powers

Answer 234

Shared state and federal powers that range from taxing, borrowing, and making and enforcing laws to establishing court systems

Question 235

Cooperative federalism

Answer 235

A style of federalism in which both levels of government coordinate their actions to solve national problems, leading to the blending of layers as in a marble cake

Question 236

# **** **Creeping categorization**

Answer 236

A process in which the national government attaches new administrative requirements to block grants or supplants them with new categorical grants

Question 237

**Devolution**

Answer 237

A process in which powers from the central government in a unitary system are delegated to subnational units

Question 238

**Dual federalism**

Answer 238

A style of federalism in which the states and national government exercise exclusive authority in distinctly delineated spheres of jurisdiction, creating a layer-cake view of federalism

Question 239

**Elastic clause**

Answer 239

The last clause of Article I, Section 8, which enables the national government “to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying” out all its constitutional responsibilities

Question 240

**Ex. post facto law**

Answer 240

A law that criminalizes an act retroactively; prohibited under the Constitution

Question 241

**Federalism**

Answer 241

An institutional arrangement that creates two relatively autonomous levels of government, each possessing the capacity to act directly on the people with authority granted by the national constitution

Question 242

**Full faith and credit clause**

Answer 242

Found in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution, this clause requires states to accept court decisions, public acts, and contracts of other states; also referred to as the comity provision

Question 243

**General revenue sharing**

Answer 243

A type of federal grant that places minimal restrictions on how state and local governments spend the money

Question 244

**Immigration federalism**

Answer 244

The gradual movement of states into the immigration policy domain traditionally handled by the federal government

Question 245

**New federalism**

Answer 245

A style of federalism premised on the idea that the decentralization of policies enhances administrative efficiency, reduces overall public spending, and improves outcomes

Question 246

**Nullification**

Answer 246

A doctrine promoted by John Calhoun of South Carolina in the 1830s, asserting that if a state deems a federal law unconstitutional, it can nullify it within its borders

Question 247

**Privileges and immunities clause**

Answer 247

Found in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, this clause prohibits states from discriminating against out-of-staters by denying such guarantees as access to courts, legal protection, and property and travel rights

Question 248

**Race-to-the-bottom**

Answer 248

A dynamic in which states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations, often to workers’ detriment

Question 249

**Unfunded mandates**

Answer 249

Federal laws and regulations that impose obligations on state and local governments without fully compensating them for the costs of implementation

Question 250

**Unitary system**

Answer 250

A centralized system of government in which the subnational government is dependent on the central government, where substantial authority is concentrated

Question 251

**Venue shopping**

Answer 251

A strategy in which interest groups select the level and branch of government they calculate will be most receptive to their policy goals

Question 252

**Writ of habeas corpus**

Answer 252

A petition that enables someone in custody to petition a judge to determine whether that person’s detention is legal