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FPA- Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

What structure can be damaged due to the pterion’s vulnerability?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the cranium?

A

Cranial vault and facial skeleton

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3
Q

What are the three fossa called?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae

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4
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

Nothing, it is filled with fibrocartilage

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5
Q

What are the superficial muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis, elevation and retrusion
Masseter, elevation and some protrusion

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6
Q

What are the deep muscles of mastication?

A

Lateral pterygoid, two heads, protrusion
Medial pterygoid, elevation and some protrusion

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7
Q

What do the sinuses drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

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8
Q

What does SCALP stand for?

A

Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Pericranium

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9
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial frontal and parietal lobes

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10
Q

What does middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral surface of brain

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11
Q

What does posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial and inferior temporal and occipital lobes

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12
Q

What cells provide insulation in the CNS and PNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes CNS
Schwann cells PNS

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13
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Recycle neurotransmitters, maiantain ionic composition

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14
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are slow adapting, rapidly adapting, highly dense, low density, superficial and deep

A

Merkel complexes: superficial, dense, slowly adapting
Meissner receptors: superficial, dense and rapidly adapting
Ruffini endings: deep, low density, slow adapting
Pacinian receptors: deep, low density, rapidly adapting

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15
Q

What supplies the basal ganglia and internal capsule?

A

Lenticulostriate arteries

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16
Q

What supplies the pons?

A

Pontine branches of the basilar artery

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17
Q

What supplies the medulla?

A

Vertebral artery, anterior spinal artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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18
Q

What is the difference in function of the rostral and caudal?

A

Rostral- midbrain and upper pons, alert conscious state
Caudal- pons and medulla, motor reflexes, autonomic function

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19
Q

What is the name of the tracts for fine touch/vibration, pain/temperature and motor?

A

Dorsal column-medial leminiscus tract
Spinothalamic tract
Corticospinal tract

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20
Q

Where do the three tracts decussate?

A

DCML- Medulla (medial leminiscus)
ST- Spinal cord
CT- Medullary pyramid

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21
Q

What foramina do the cranial nerves exit?

A

Cribiform plate CNI
Optic Canal CNII
Superior orbital fissure CNIII, IV, VI, V1
Foramen rotundum CNV2
Foramen ovale CNV3
Auditory canal CNVII, VIII
Jugular Foramen CNIX, X, XI
Hypoglossal foramen CNXII

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22
Q

Where are each of the cranial nerves from?

A

CN I,II,III, IV midbrain or above brainstem

CNV, VI, VII, VIII pons

CNIX, X, XI, XII medulla

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23
Q

Where are motor-only and sensory-only nerve roots located?

A

III, IV, VI and XII are medial, IV also dorsal

VIII is lateral

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24
Q

How is a stroke typically caused?

A

Unilateral lesion

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25
What is feedforward regulation?
Central command triggers change before change in variable e.g. heart increased when intending to exercise
26
Why does the body need to regulate internal environment?
Maintains protein shape
27
Elements of negative feedback control?
Variable, sensor, set point, integration system, effector
28
What are the three types of visceral sensory receptors?
Stretch, temperature, chemoreceptors
29
What are the two types of stretch receptor?
Baroreceptor, change in pressure Osmoreceptor, stretch of cell membrane
30
What is the size of muscles from smallest to largest?
Myofibril (cell) < Muscle fibre < Muscle fascicle (portion of muscle) < Muscle
31
What binds to thin actin filaments?
Tropomyosin (long), troponin (globular)
32
Detail the process of muscle activation by ACh
ACh released at NMJ Action potential generated propagates over muscle surface AP triggers Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca binds to troponin, tropomyosin removed uncovering cross bridge binding sites Myosin cross bridges attach to myosin, allowing contraction Ca uptaken by sarcoplasmic reticulum once AP stops Tropomyosin rebinds to myosin
33
Explain single twitches, summation and tetanus
Single electrical stimulus Staircase effect, adds on to each to get bigger response Fusion of peaks
34
What are type S, FF and FR fibres?
Slow twitch, fatigue resistant, slow force Fast twitch, fatiguable, large force Fast twitch, fatigue resistant, moderate force
35
What is the purpose of creatine phosphate?
Releases energy to be stored in ATP
36
How is carbohydrate converted to energy?
Aerobic glycolysis 30-32 ATP Anaerobic pyruvate to lactate, less ATP helps convert NADH to NAD+
37
What is the max power and max capacity comparison for creatine phosphate, fast glycolysis, aerobic glycolysis and FFA oxidation?
CP > FG > AG > FFAO Power Reverse for max capacity
38
What energy source is used for short and long duration activities?
Short- CP and fast glycolysis Long- aerobic glycolysis and FFA
39
What energy utilization changes over time?
Muscle glycogen used less and FA used more in prolonged moderate intensity exercise
40
Basal ganglia function
Allow selection of complex patterns of voluntary movement Evaluate success of actions Initiate movements
41
Corticospinal tract lesion signs
Immediately could be period of complete paralysis Increased tone Exaggerated segmental reflexes Altered multi-segmental reflexes Weakness
42
What are the 5 components of the basal ganglia?
Laterally: Putamen and Globus pallidus Superiorly: caudate nucleus Inferiorly: subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra
43
How to muscles react to high frequency stimulation, low frequency stimulation and total number of impulses?
HF- fast twitch LF- slow twitch T- Fatiguability
44
What is the affect of immobilization?
Slow twitch and fast twitch atrophy Slow twitch becomes fast because of less need for fatigue resistance
45
At what intensity is creatine phosphate broken down more?
Higher intensity
46
How does glycogen and fat use change at higher intensities?
Fat less, glycogen more
47
In moderate intensity exercise how does glycogen, triglycerides, plasma glucose and free fatty acid use change over time?
Down glycogen and triglycerides Up Plasma glucose and FFA
48
What substrate is used more in trained individuals than untrained?
Fat
49
What is the acronym for eye movement cranial nerves?
LR6 SO4 R3
50
What are the articulations of the TMJ?
Mandibular condyle against mandibular fossa and articular tubercle
51
What ligaments stabilize TMJ?
Stylomandibular and sphenomandibular
52
What does each mechanoreceptor do during manipulation and what do they respond to?
Meissner- rate of force Transient response to skin movement Merkel- grip force Indentation Pacinian- vibrations Transient response to vibrations Ruffini- hand posture Sustained response to skin movement
53
What is the highest and lowest frequency mechanoreceptors?
Meissner and Pacinian
54
Which mechanoreceptor is more proprioceptive?
Ruffini
55
Describe somatotopic order in the primary somatic sensory cortex
Split into S1 and S2, S1 has Areas 1 to 3b Each body part will cover multiple areas
56
What is the path of the middle cerebral artery?
Laterally then along the lateral sulcus
57
What are the LMN signs fibrillation, fasciculation and long term denervation?
Fibrillation- single muscle cell tiny contractions Fasciculation- groups of fibres involuntarily contracting Both signs of muscle denervation Long term denervation- atrophy and degeneration
58
How do Golgi tendon organs signal when walking and not walking?
Signal load while walking and excitatory effect on extensor motor neurons during locomotion Inhibitory effect when not walking
59
What are lower motoneurons and upper motoneuron signs
LMN- flaccid weakness paralysis, decreased muscle stretch reflex, fibrillations, fasciculations, flexor withdrawal reflex normal UMN- spastic weakness, increased MSR, no signs of denervation, flexor withdrawal may be normal, reversed or absent
60
What does the primary motor cortex and motor association areas do and what occurs during lesion and stimulation?
PMC- activate LMN or spinal interneurons, encode simple movements and force Lesion- weakness Stim.- simple movements MAA- planning and sequence Lesion- apraxia (cannot sequence movement into patterns) Stim.- complex movement
61

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