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Fra Notater Flashcards

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1
Q

Antropocen

A

The age of humans. Population growth and increased emissions.

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2
Q

8 important environmental pressures

A 
Climate change
Change in biodiversity
Pollution 
Toxicity 
Resource depletion 
Waste
Land use/change 
Water depletion
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3
Q

How many species go extinct every year?

A

1,4

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4
Q

How much higher are the current extinction rate than the natural background rate?

A

1000 times higher

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5
Q

Why do we care about change in biodiversity?

A

Irreversibly lost genetic diversity

Lost ecosystems services

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6
Q

Five main drivers of global biodiversity change?

A 
Habitat change 
Climate change 
Invasive species 
Overexploitation 
Pollution
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7
Q

Ex. how habitat change leads to biodiversity change

A

Agricultural land use –> habitat loss –> species extinction

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8
Q

Ex. how climate change leads to biodiversity change

A

GHG emissions from coal-fired power plant –> climate change –> species range shift —> species extinction

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9
Q

Ex. how do invasive species lead to biodiversity change?

A

Trade per container ship –> transportation of species –> invasive species outcompetes native species —> species extinction

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10
Q

Ex. how do overexploitation lead to biodiversity change?

A

Overfishing –> species extinction

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11
Q

Ex. how do pollution lead to biodiversity change?

A

Application of pesticides –> harming insect species –> species extinction

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12
Q

Describe current trends of biodiversity loss?

A

Regional “general” trends after the living planet index show that trends are decreasing

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13
Q

Navne examples of pollution? (3 + 4)

A 
Air
Soil
Water
Point sources
Non-point sources
Indoor pollution
Outdoor pollution
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14
Q

ex. on toxicants (3)

A

Pesticides
Herbicides
Heavy metals

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15
Q

Ex. on land use and land change

A 
Logging
soil erosion
loss of fertility and soil productivity
Change in albedo
Change to hydrological cycle
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16
Q

What does DPSIR stand for?

A 
Drivers
Pressures
State
Impact
Responses
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17
Q 
Explaine DPSIR framework:
Drivers
Pressures
State
Impact
Responses
A

Drivers - Industry and transport
Pressures - Polluting, emissions
State - Air, water and soil quality
Impact - Health, biodiversity loss, ecosystem damage
Responses - Clean production, public transport, regulations, taxes, information etc.

They work in a cicle, with responses to drivers, pressures and state.

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18
Q

Give ex. on drivers in the DPSIR framework?

A 
Population growth
Transport
Energy production/use
Industry
Refining/mining
Agriculture
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19
Q

Give ex. on tools applied to evaluate reponse from DPSIR

A

Footprinting
Risk Assessment
Life cycle assessment
Ecosystem service-based accounting/labeling

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20
Q

What is fooprinting?

A

A resource and emission accounting tool designed to track human demand on the biosphere’s regenerative capacity

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21
Q

Give ex. of different energy productions and the environmental pressures connected to them?

A

Fossil fuels: Extraction, pollution –> GHG emissions, oil spills

Nuclear energy: Land resource pressure from mining, Pressures from the extraction of construction materials for infrastructure, Pressures from water use for cooling, Radioactive waster and Risk of accidents

Biofuels: Land use and water use

Wind: Mortality of birds and bats, noise and pressures associated with infrastructure

Hydropower: Connectivity, Magnitude of flows, Timing of floods, Sediment, Barrier and Evaporation.

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22
Q

What does biological diversity mean?

A

“Biological diversity” means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.”

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23
Q

Name the three layers in the cicle of biodiversity

A

Ecosystem (ytterst)
Species
Genes (innerst)

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24
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Genes and genetic variation
No. species and species abundance
Variety of biological diversity in different ecosystems

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25
Define species
Two organisms belong to the same species if they can interbreed and produce fertile offsprings There can be variations in genes within species. This can be caused by different habitats.
26
Give ex. of ecosystem services and explain them
Food security: Insurance and coping mechanism to increase flexibility. Reduce risk. Genetic variability Health: Balanced diet. Direct health impacts. Pharmaceuticals. Vulnerability of humans to disasters: Increased loss of mangroves and coral reefs. Increase in the number of “big” disasters
27
Name the four main types of benefits obtained by people from ecosystems:
Regulating Provisioning Cultural Supporting
28
Explain the difference between provisioning services and regulating services
Provisioning services are short-term requirements | Regulating services ensures the long-term provision of services
29
What are trade offs from ecosystem service provision?
Climate: GHGs, temperature, rain, wind Hydrology: Supply, drainage, storage Pollution: retention, removal
30
What are ecosystem dynamics?
Biodiversity --> functional groups --> ecosystem functioning --> ecosystem services
31
What does high biodiversity lead to?
greater productivity greater variation (range of responses to environmental change) greater stability
32
What are the main pressures on biodiversity loss? Direct and indirect
Direct: Habitat change, overexploitation, invasive species, climate change and pollution (Fra størst til minst) Indirect: Demographic, economic, political, cultural and technological
33
Give an ex. on invasive species and explain.
- Leaner spises opp av insekter i asia og dør dermed om vinteren. Når denne har blitt introdusert til andre land med mildt klima har de tatt over hele hus - Slange som spise topp preditorer som krokodiller og geparder. I Asia holder bakterier og - Kaniner som spiser opp sin egen mat i Australia. De kan formere seg hvert år og har en mangel på fiender. Økosystemet har utviklet seg leeenge. Enviromental factors begrenser utspredning av arter. Geologi, mat, rovdyr/fiender. Små endringer i en faktor kan skape store ringvirkninger. Dette kan f.eks. være mennesker for fjerner eller legger til nye arter. Vær, klimaendringer, ustormer. Men det meste er forrosaket av mennesker. Mange myndigheter har nå kontroll på inførsel av dyr og planter til landet (f.eks. Australia)
34
What is an invasive species?
"Aliens" or "non-native" settle in a new non-native habitat. Only alien species harming the new ecosystem are invasive.
35
Invasive species can affect the ecosystem through: (5)
``` Preditation and trophic cascades Food and habitat competition Altering food web structure Ecosystem engineering Spreading diseases ```
36
Is habitat change a cause or an effect of climate change?
Both ;)
37
What are the most overexploited species?
Marin fish and invertebrates Trees Terrestrial animals hunted for meat
38
What are the main pressures to climate change?
The carbon cycle GHGs "Other" CO2 problems
39
What are the environmental consequences and effects of climate change?
``` Terrestrial ecosystems o Habitat change (geographical) e.g. moving biogeographic envelopes o Change in timing (e.g. emergence of leaves) Aquatic ecosystems o Decreasing amount of water (+timing) o Temperature changes (oxygen,…) Marine and coastal ecosystems o Warmer temperatures (→oxygen content) Sea level rise o Changed Salinity o Nutrient availability ```
40
Name processes that remove GHGs (4)
Land uptake: Photosynthesis-respiration Ocean invasion: Seawater buffer Reaction with calcium carbonate Silicate weathering
41
What are consequences of ocean acidification?
- Metabolism change (ph change) - Reduction of calcification - Impacts throughout foodweb - Changes in acoustic properties?
42
What is radiative forcing?
Radiative Forcing (RF) is the measurement of the capacity of a gas or other forcing agents to affect that energy balance, thereby contributing to climate change. In more simple terms, RF expresses the change in energy in the atmosphere due to GHG emissions.
43
Explain positive and negative radiative forcing.
Positive radiative forcing results in an increase in Earth’s energy budget and ultimately lead to warming (WMGHGs, absorbing aerosols, decrease in albedo). Negative radiative forcing results in a decrease in the energy budget and ultimately leads to cooling (Scattering aerosols, increase in albedo).
44
What are climate change causing? (5)
``` Habitat change Change in timing (Phenology) Change in amounts of water Temperature change Sea level rise ```
45
What are the consequences of change in timing (phenology)?
Change in migration and breeding Leaf emergence Potential for e.g. temporal mismatch between food demand and prey availability Blooming --> pollination
46
What is the ecological footprint?
“The Ecological Footprint is a resource and emission accounting tool designed to track human demand on the biosphere's regenerative capacity”
47
What is the framework for footprinting (in most of the cases)
``` DPS(I)R Drivers Pressure - 1 indicator State Response - easy to decide response ```
48
What is the missing information with footprinting? (5)
- Influence on the water cycle - Regionalization! - Pollution - Impact on the environment - Problem shifting
49
What is the carbon footprint?
The amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere as a result of the human activities (individuals, organizations, or communities) usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2
50
What is the water footprint?
The total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in terms of water volumes consumed (evaporated or incorporated into a product) and/or polluted per unit of time. Include scarcity and location. “the term ‘water footprint’ refers not only to the volume, but also to the sort of water that was used (green, blue, grey) and to when and where the water was used.” Water footprint = BLUE + GREEN + GREY “The water footprint of a product is thus a multidimensional indicator, whereas ‘virtual-water’ refer to a volume alone”.
51
What is the ecological footprint?
Tracks the use of productive surface areas. Typically these areas are: cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land. A measure of land use.
52
How is global warming potential defined?
GWP is defined as the integrated radiative forcing (either called Absolute GWP, AGWP) of a gas between the time of emission and a chosen time horizon (TH; usually 100 years) relative to that of CO2. It is by far the most common emission metric.
53
What does GTP stand for?
Global temperature change potential
54
What does GSP stand for?
Global sea-level rise potential
55
What does GPP stand for?
Global precipitation change
56
What are other indicators like global warming potential?
``` Radiative forcing (GWP) Temperature change (GTP) Sea level rise (GSR) Precipitation change (GPP) ```
57
What are territorial emissions?
Accounting for emissions caused by products produced in the country
58
What are consumption based emissions?
Considering the effects of trade, encompassing the emissions from domestic final consumption and those caused by the production of its imports.
59
What is consumptive water use?
Water that is NOT returned back to the watershed of origin after use
60
What are degradative water use?
Water that is used and released back to the watershed of origin after use → WITH change in water quality
61
What are in-situ water use/non-consumtive water use?
Water that is used and released back to the watershed of origin after use → NO change in water quality o One ex of this can be Hydropower
62
What categories in our society can water use be divided into? Describe them for Europe and the world
Agriculture, industries and municipalities Eu: Industry (60%), agri (20%) and muni (20%) World: Agri (70), indu (20%) and muni (10%)
63
Define water withdrawal?
The volume of freshwater abstraction from surface or groundwater
64
What is virtual water?
The volume of water consumed or polluted for producing the product
65
What are blue water?
Blue: fresh surface water or groundwater that can be extracted by humans
66
What are green water?
Green: soil moisture
67
What is greywater?
Grey: required volume for diluting a certain pollution in a waterbody in such a way that agreed water quality standards are met
68
What are the four stages in av LCA?
1. Goal and scope 2. Life cycle inventory 3. Life cycle impact assessment 4. Interpretation
69
What are goal and scope?
Functional unit: o measure of the function o Reference for comparing
70
What are the life cycle inventory?
Model inter-process requirements | Compile list resource use from and emissions to the environment
71
What is the aim goal of an LCIA?
Quantify the impact of LCI flows for different impact categories Make different pressures of impact comparable to each other
72
How would you compare a DPRIR to an LCA
Goal and scope = Driver Inventory analysis = Pressures Impact assessment = State and impact Interpretation = response
73
What are the elements of an LCIA?
1. Choice of impact categories and characterization models 2. Classification (allocation of emissions/resource uses to impact categories) 3. Characterization (Calculation of impact category indicators) 4. Results of LCIA
74
Talk about midpoint characterization models
- Standardise inventory flows in terms of their contribution to environment problems (that change the state of the environment) - Midpoint impact scores are impact category specific - Comparison within impact categories between life cycle stages - Often (assumed to be) less uncertain - Effect/damage missing
75
Talk about endpoint/damage level characterization models
contribution to damage to AoPs - Comparison across impact categories possible - Allow for aggregated impact scores at damage level - Comparison within impact categories between life cycle stages - Often more uncertain - Can be easier to communicate
76
Name the three endpoint levels
Human health Ecosystem quality Natural resources
77
What is 1 DALY?
Disability-adjusted life years | 1 lost year of healthy life
78
What does PDF stand for?
Potentially disappeared fraction of species | extinction because of unfavorable conditions
79
What does PNAF stand for?
Potentially not occurring fraction of species | PNOF = PDF
80
What does PAF stand for?
Potentially affected fraction of species
81
What are the three cultural perspectives in ReCiPe called?
Individualistic Egalitarian Hierarchist
82
Describe individualistic?
* impact types that are undisputed | * technological optimism with regard to human adaptation
83
Describe egalitarian?
* Long time horizon * precautionary perspective * all impact pathways for which data is available.
84
Describe hierarchies?
* In between “Individualistic” and “Egalitarian” * based on scientific consensus with regard to the time frame * and plausibility of impact mechanisms. * Economic activity within boundaries
85
What is richness?
Number of species
86
What is abundance?
Number of individuals
87
Why is regionalization important for LCA?
It is important because it reduces spatial uncertainty in LCA results Account for: • Global supply chains • Spatial variability in the technosphere (relevant for inventory modelling) • Spatial variability in the natural environment (relevant for inventory modelling and impact assessment)

LCIA (3 decks)

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