Fractures

Question 1

_____ fracture: the presence of more than 1 fracture line & more than 2 bone fragments

Answer 1

Comminuted

Question 2

_____ fracture: bone fragment telescopes into another bone fragment (long bone)

Answer 2

Impacted

Question 3

_____ fracture: an incomplete break in the bone; common in children

Answer 3

Greenstick

Question 4

Extent of fracture:

_____ fracture: fragments remain in alignment & position

Answer 4

Non displaced

Question 5

Extent of fracture:

_____ fracture: bone ends are separated

Answer 5

Displaced

Question 6

Extent of fracture:

_____ fracture: fragment displaced below the level of the bon surface; common in flat bones due to trauma

Answer 6

Depressed

Question 7

Extent of fracture:

_____ fracture: Skin is penetrated or broken

Answer 7

Open (compound)

Question 8

X-ray of fracture is taken from at least ___ angles

Answer 8

2

Question 9

Immobilisation and repeat x-ray in ____weeks

Answer 9

1-2

Question 10

Bone healing steps in the cortical (compact) bone

1. cortical bone fracture: torn blood vessel in the ________
2. ________
3. resorption & bone deposition: living bone replaces ________
4. ________: new bone formation at edges of _______
5. remodeling: replacement of ________

Answer 10

1. cortical bone fracture: torn blood vessel in the Haversian system
2. clotting
3. resorption & bone deposition: living bone replaces avascular bone
4. callus formation: new bone formation at edges of periosteum
5. remodeling: replacement of mature lamellar bone

Question 11

Bone healing steps in the cancellous bone

1. cancellous bone fracture: formation of ________
2. ________ of bone at fracture site prevented
3. resorption & bone deposition: living bone replaces ________
4. primary woven bone: formed by ________ in the ________
5. ________ bone: replaces woven bone

Answer 11

1. cancellous bone fracture: formation of internal callus
2. necrosis of bone at fracture site prevented
3. resorption & bone deposition: living bone replaces avascular bone
4. primary woven bone: formed by osteogenic cells in the trabeculae
5. lamellar bone: replaces woven bone

Question 12

External fixation: devices applied _______

Answer 12

temporarily

Question 13

Factors of delayed union

Answer 13

• smoking

- immunocompromised

Question 14

Delayed healing:

______: not healed by > 6 mnths aft a fracture

Answer 14

Nonunion

Question 15

Delayed healing:

______: improper alignment of fracture fragments

Answer 15

Malunion

Question 16

Delayed healing:

______: anywhr from 3-6mnths aft the fracture, bone pain & tenderness are continuously increasing beyond the expected healing period

Answer 16

Delayed union

Question 17

Compartment syndrome:

• if tissue exceeds ________, blood vessels collapse impeding blood flow, leading to further ______ & ______

Answer 17

• if tissue exceeds intravascular pressure, blood vessels collapse impeding blood flow, leading to further hypoxia & oedema

Question 18

Compartment syndrome:

eventual _______ of the soft tissue

Answer 18

eventual necrosis of the soft tissue

Question 19

Treatment of compartment syndrome

Answer 19

emergent decompression

Question 20

DVT & pulmonary embolism:

thrombosis forms in _________; clot fragments break loose, lodging in the _______

Answer 20

thrombosis forms in distal extremity; clot fragments break loose, lodging in the lungs

Question 21

DVT & pulmonary embolism:

risks factors: __________________

Answer 21

multiple trauma, prolonged immobility

Question 22

DVT & pulmonary embolism:

S&S

Answer 22

chest pain, dyspnoea and hypoxemia more than 5 days after a fracture

Question 23

Treatment of DVT & pulmonary embolism

Answer 23

ventilatory support; anticoagulation

Question 24

Fat emboli syndrome:

fat particles released from _______ into the blood steeam and lodge in _______

Answer 24

fat particles released from bone marrow into the blood stream and lodge in lung vasculature

Question 25

Fat emboli syndrome manifestations

Answer 25

- SOB - rapid breathing - hypoxemia - fine petechial rash (esp. on torso and back area) - altered mental status

Question 26

Treatment of Fat emboli syndrome

Answer 26

ventilatory support

Question 27

_______: complete separation of joint articulating surfaces

Answer 27

dislocation

Question 28

_______: partial separation of joint articulation surfaces

Answer 28

subluxation

Question 29

Treatment of dislocation & subluxation

Answer 29

local soft-tissue trauma & healing

Question 30

Manifestations of dislocation & subluxation - ____ - alteration in the ________ in the joint - change in ________ - loss of ________

Answer 30

- pain - alteration in the normal contour in the joint - change in extremity length - loss of normal mobility

Question 31

``` Peripheral vascular integrity (normal)-- colour: temp: capillary refill: tissue turgor (edema): ```

Answer 31

colour: pink temp: warm capillary refill: 1-2 secs tissue turgor (edema): full

Question 32

``` Peripheral vascular integrity (inadequate arterial supply)-- colour: temp: capillary refill: tissue turgor (edema): ```

Answer 32

colour: pale or white temp: cool capillary refill: >2secs tissue turgor (edema): hollow or prunelike

Question 33

``` Peripheral vascular integrity (inadequate venous return)-- colour: temp: capillary refill: tissue turgor (edema): ```

Answer 33

colour: blue, cyanotic, mottled temp: hot capillary refill: immediate tissue turgor (edema): distended or tense

Question 34

Is healing time faster in a compact or cancellous bone? Why?

Answer 34

Cancellous. Due to the rich blood supply.