Fractures Flashcards
what is a fracture?
how is it classified?
two kinds?
break in continuity of bone
classified: cause, location, pattern, type
simple (closed)-
compound (open) -skin is broken
what is the most common bone lesion?
fracture
what are the kinds based on type?
greenstick
pathologic
comminuted
what is a greenstick fracture>
1 broken and 1 bent surface
moreso occurs in children
one surface of bone is broken and the other is bent so separated into two separate fragments or pieces (can’t actually break it) same force for an adult would break it
what is a pathologic fracture?
d/t bone disorder (osteoporosis)
what is comminuted fracture?
multiple breaks at one site
still broken at one site but with multiple pieces broken
what are the different fractures based on pattern?
oblique and longitudinal
what is an oblique fracture?
break at 45 degree
d/t twisting force
also known as a spiral break
what is a longitudinal fracture?
longitudinal break line
angel of the break down to the bone itself
what are the types based on appearance?
burst
chip
displaced
what is a burst fracture?
bone breaks into multiple pieces
usually at the end of bone (joints)
in articulation, may have two 2 bones articulated. the direction of force you can apply to the joint and amount of force you can apply in an unexpected force it will break.
what is a chip ?
small fragment near joint
kinda like segmented?
what is displaced?
both separates at the fracture line
what are other fractures?
impacted fracture, colles fracture (wrist-distal radius) fracture of the wrist and mulitple bones articulating at the wrist and more than one of them breaks (fall on wrist); potts fracture (ankle-distal fibula) fracture in the ankle; compression fraction of the vertebrae
et/path?
force overload on bone
more force than it can withstand
manifestations?
pain deformity (external) l/o function hemorrhage (soft tissue) soft tissue injury (skin)
tx?
reduction (re-align bones)
immbolization (healing)
preserve and restore function
what are the 4 stages of healing?
hematoma formation
soft callus formation
bony callus
remodelling
what occurs in the hematoma formation?
blood clot forms. requires about 48-72 hours
hematoma surrounds the break and keeps the bone together in a form of alignment
provides a medium for cellular activity-inflm cells, osteoblasts through molecular signalling
capillary buds appear at the points where the vessels were severed and gives rise to new blood vessels
fibrin mesh (yellow) b/w break to seal the fracture site, source of inflm cells, and a medium for new blood vessels to develop
what occurs in the soft callus formation?
hematoma is replaced by fibrocartilage
there is an overlap between 1st and 2nd stage
with hemorrhaging and fracture you have dec blood to the distal bone because blood is localized to the damage and necrotic bone occurs
the fibroblasts deposit and appearance of new blood vessels
need granulation tissue because healing
bone is still not weight bearing
what occurs in the bony callus stage?
bone begins to form
spongy born forms in ossification process. before compact bone
bone trabeculae form
fibroblasts because forming fibrous connective tissue
osteogenic cells proliferate
what occurs in the remodelling stage?
ossification and remodelling (different form(
forms new bone and is weight bearing
dead tissue and all the cells need to go away and remodelling reshapes the bone and need to remove al the extraneous material
achieves bone shape (rarely the same as before)
now weight bearing
