France and Africa

Question 1

France’s relationship with its African colonies - comprise of 2 huge swaths of territories

Answer 1

French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa

Question 2

Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria

Answer 2

mainly Arab pop - sizable group of EU settlers (again) 1.5 mil ‘Colons’ mainly in Algeria - 365 Morocco, 360k Tunisia - these EU: Spanish, Italian, Maltese, French - when came spoke French - implication of EU settlement

Question 3

Colons

Answer 3

European Colonists

Question 4

EU presence in Algeria implication

Answer 4

settlers claimed Mediterranean is part of France - Org into 3 depts under 3rd French republic

Question 5

Colons advantage for N Algeria being part of France Metropole

Answer 5

□ Colons had adv of being part of France - monopolized local govt, had best land, dominated edu system due to emp support

Question 6

Why were Morocco and Tunisia first for French empire to collapse

Answer 6

fewer EUs, less closely tied to France, just protectorates - retained own monarchies Sultan in Morocco

Question 7

Istaqlal

Answer 7

Arab nationalist movement under Ahmed Balafrej

Question 8

Neo-Destour Party

Answer 8

Tunisian poli party led by Habib Bourguiba

Question 9

Implications of Fr destabilization by WWII

Answer 9

displaced from these areas - US occupied Morocco, Germany + Tunisia - partial collapse of Fr power

Question 10

Morocco Sultan

Answer 10

Mohammed V - deposed in 1953* - challenged the Fr

Question 11

Tunisia and Morocco Independence

Answer 11

1956 - Mo V kingdom, Tunisia est Monarchy, then republic

Question 12

Algerian Arab nationalist movement

Answer 12

growing nationalist movement from 20s onward - 9/10ths of pop is Islamic in some form - gained momentum, Colons were resentful; more Fr than the Fr (like N Ireland Protestant) b/c depend on imp power for their dominance - if imp power did not back them up -> create white minority regime

Question 13

National Liberation Front (FLM)

Answer 13

Algerian nationalists 1954 Guerilla warfare + insurgency

Question 14

FLM advantages

Answer 14

Huge country lots of space to move, rugged country, had favourable/sympathetic regimes with open boarders (Morocco, Tunisia) - Had gen Nassir support in Egypt
® Guerillas got rid of the middle regime in Alg - did not like assimilated Muslims, Colons or Fr - elim middle of poli spectrum

Question 15

Fr rxn to FLM

Answer 15

Fr make considerable progress against them militarily -
◊ understood value of intelligence: opponent had to remain mobile and obscured - special ops - thous of double agents in FLM - Red hand operations

Question 16

Red Hand Operations

Answer 16

state terrorism and the limits of counterterrorism - assassinated FLM arms dealers

Question 17

Ahmed Ben Bella

Answer 17

Leader of FLM

Question 18

France in 1957 Algeria

Answer 18

torture techniques in systematic way to extract information

Question 19

France + Morocco + Tunisia during Algerian FLM

Answer 19

• Boarder areas were problem - cleared into Free fire zones - cleared local pops into essentially concentration camps - barbed wire, mine fields - starve the FLM of weapons, recruits, supplies

Question 20

Maurice Challe

Answer 20

◊ Fr became mobile under Maurice Challe - sweep country swiftly - first major army to use helicopters in big way

Question 21

Battle of Algiers

Answer 21

Fr devoted most of their army to this .5 mil soldiers in Alg, larger force than FLM - FR won

Question 22

Houari Boumediene

Answer 22

1960 FLM Military commander - ◊ Military adv was blown by poli handling of war - mili victories - but should have been softer policy - botched

Question 23

Soustelle Plan 1955

Answer 23

Fr poli strat - Fr admitted to doing some bad things in Alg in spec to Islamic pop - tried to reach out to discontented pop - said no more torture (did) no more reprisals of pop (no) said open up more gov jobs (?)

Question 24

1955 FLM attack Colons

Answer 24

outside of Constantine 37 killed by guerillas - Fr army ran riot killed at LEAST 1300 arabs - Terror vs counter terror

Question 25

Fr poli process due to 1946 Constitution

Answer 25

} Fr poli process guided by 1946 Constitution which was a bad constitution - encouraged poli fragmentation - proliferation of parties - 4,5,6 major parties

Question 26

Implications of 1946 Fr constitution

Answer 26

◊ 1958 - poli damage to the very republican principle of govt - ppl wanted a strong man to take power due to poli deadlock due to constitution - } Elite Alg Fr Troops take city* - Corsica no prob - Paris poli worry that troops were going to land in Paris and take over } Charles De Gaulle - back in power - Poli periphery for a while - wanted Presidency to have more power - gave all power to assembly, Pres only figurehead - he wanted pres to have a LOT of power - looked kina competent so pop support - got handed dictatorial power for 6 months

Question 27

Charles De Gaulle

Answer 27

wanted Presidency to have more power - – Writes up new constitution - pres in 1958 - passed w huge majority – 5th Republic (current poli system) } Was supposed to come up w solution to Alg conflict - De Gaulle not heavily invested in Fr empire, only EU Fr - went back to Reform plan like the Soustelle plan } Came up w Constantine plan - give all Muslims citizenship - etc - did not work

Question 28

Gaulle FLM negotiations - Evian Accords

Answer 28

reaches peace w them in 1962 in the Evian Accords - Fr pulls out of Alg - Alg is still dominion - had to pull out maj of Colons (900K went back to Fr) with a few Franc Muslims - Fr alr had small Muslim pop, grows - current considerable Muslim pop

Question 29

Secret underground army (OAS)

Answer 29

◊ Fr army fighting the Colons more than the FLM - Secret Underground Army (OAS) Colon army giving more trouble

Question 30

France and Sub-Saharan Africa

Answer 30

conditioned by Alg - Fr colonies had foothold in Selegal worked inland in 19th c - took huge swath of territory - intagraitionalist strat - not as intense as in Alg - wanted them in Fr poli + cult world

Question 31

Brazzaville Declaration

Answer 31

changes in the way Fr ruled Af; more black Af citizenship - extend colonial bureaucracy w black af in these positions - black af representation in Paris - encouraging the people to think of themselves as french Opposite of BRIT - pulling out of colonies - handing more power to colonies

Question 32

Rassemblement Democratique Africaine (RDA)

Answer 32

political party in French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa which was important in the decolonization of the French empire

Question 33

Gaston Deferre

Answer 33

Fr politician; devolution strategy - more power to territorial assemblies in african colonies

Question 34

Why did Fr do to devolution (2 reasons)

Answer 34

® (1) War in Alg going bad - integration was discredited - ® (2) Alg + Gold coast close to independence (Ghana) - did not want dominance to go to BRIT Africans - spec Kwame Nkramah of Ghana - George Washington of the Area - wanted Fr politicians to dominant - Fr influence in Af - way they envisioned independence was that they would be under heavy degree of Fr influence even though independent ® Could have given Independence to each constituent colonies in the confederations - more amenable to cont of Fr influence - purposeful Balkanization ◊ Still Fr military officers, Bureaucrats, businesses ◊ More Fr people in 70s than in 60s when still Fr colony

Question 35

Kwame Nkramah

Answer 35

Ghana - George Washington of the Area

Question 36

Balkanization in Fr Af

Answer 36

® Could have given Independence to each constituent colonies in the confederations - more amenable to cont of Fr influence - purposeful Balkanization ◊ Still Fr military officers, Bureaucrats, businesses ◊ More Fr people in 70s than in 60s when still Fr colony