French Rev Key Terms Section 3 Flashcards

Question

Revolutionary Tribunal

Answer 1

March 1793 = established to trial counter-revolutionaries Included 5 judges, public prosecutor & jury Counter-revolution made a crime Centralised because national Convention dictate elections

Answer 2

March 1793 = established in all communes or sections to seek suspicious behaviour (surveillance/watch committees) No direct powers of arrest; suspected people handed to tribunals & put to death if found guilty Required to draw up lists of suspects to give to CGS

Answer 3

April 1793 = established 2 days after Dumouriez defected; essentially a 'war cabinet' set up to look at war & its consequences; dominated by Danton Responsible for war, diplomacy, supplies, control of army & application of revolutionary laws Had authority over CGS Robespierre elected to it; Jacobins/Montagnards securing power Meetings closed to outsiders Reported weekly to NC Measures accompanied by propaganda; fear would ensure compliance Restricted rights, centralised power & increased fear

Answer 4

March 1793 = area in central-west France; Catholic area w/ many refractory priests (ideal breeding ground for rebellion as religious resentments strong) Sale of church lands brought new bourgeoise land-owners = raised rent Peasantry no worse off than they had been in Ancien Regime (due to inflation & lack of food supplies) = created hostility

Answer 5

Catholic & Royal Army of the Vendee formed; began as a protest against the levy for 300,000 men (March 1793) as they resisted conscription Disliked church reforms; some paying more land tax than in AR; anti-monarchy but also anti-Jacobin control; resented Centralisation

Answer 6

Seized Cholet - major city Massacred local officials, juring priests & National Guard (guerrilla warfare throughout countryside) National Convention forced to send 30,000 men to control rebellion (May 1793); sacrificing forces from external battles of war! Rebells seized bridges, land & were heading for Paris (June 1793) = put pressure on NC (Jacobins blamed Girondins as they encouraged freedom of speech) Battle of Chatillon (5 July 1793) = Vendean rebels defeat Jacobin forces; success for rebellion; 6,000 Republicans total w/ 2,000 killed & 3,000 imprisoned National Convention decreed destruction of Vendee (1 Aug 1793) Army of 100,000 arrived in Nantes (6 Sept 1793) & fail to get upper hand until Oct Vendeean army eventually destroyed (Dec 1793) w/ 15% Vendee died; republicans could take their vengeance

Answer 7

Feb/March 1793 = becoming more millitant; angry at rising prices; made repeated calls for price controls on goods BUT NC blocked these decrees Inflation due to British naval blockade & war in colonies; assignats dropped to 1/3rd of true value Drought summer 1793 = poor food supply War going bad Not much better than 1789 under AR Robespierre initially showed little sympathy but then realised political advantage (support his campaign against grain hoarders & further discredit Girondins)

Answer 8

Enraged people = wanted execution of hoarders; purge of any army officers not winning; campaigned against those profiting from high food prices; encouraged Sans-Culottes in their food riots

Answer 9

Wrote articles blaming Girondins for France's problems in his paper L'Ami du Peuple; portrayed them as bourgeoisie businessmen = produced series of attacks on Girondins printing press inspired by Marat's words 9/10 Mar 1793 Consequently, Girondins wanted Marat's arrest on grounds of inciting murder, pillage & attacking authority of NC Marat tried by Revolutionary Tribunal but found innocent = delighted Paris Sans-Culottes All portrayed Girondins as enemies of liberty

Answer 10

Flees to Austria after his soldiers desert him as he calls them to remove National Convention Dumouriez was Girondin, so used as evidence by Jacobins to argue Girondins are traitors Gradual migration of people to support Jacobins

Answer 11

8,000 Sans-Culottes surround National Convention demanding price controls on bread Robespierre establishes first price controls on wheat & flour (won this vote for 1st time due to pressure by SC on deputies) BUT Girondins opposed price controls Price Controls HERE = referred to as First Law of General Maximum (more extensive controls put in place Sept 1793 in Second Law of the General Maximum)

Answer 12

May 1793 = imposed on wealthy to raise funds

Answer 13

26 May 1793 = demanded expulsion of Girondins Roused thousands of SC from sections supported by NG & they surrounded Convention in crowd 80-100,000 (2 June 1793) Resisting deputies had no choice but to give in; no deputies allowed to leave until had given support for Robespierre's notion that 29 Girondins be expelled 7 placed under house arrest 75 deputies abstained 7 signed protest against such action (only looked more suspicious themselves) Hebert had key role; the Montagnards won the day & in future were able to dominate Convention

Answer 14

Girondins unable to stop growing radicalism evident in NC, Paris Commune & Paris sections Robespierre more popular - spent days in Covention & evenings in Jacobin club Led calls for action Branded Girondins as traitors

Answer 15

1793; Expulsion of Girondins propelled revolt in départements where Girondin support was strongest =reacting against centralisation by Jacobins in Paris; 60/83 departements protested against expulsions Included expulsion of few Jacobin deputies too Armies willing to fight to reinstall Girondin deputies Coupled w/ rebellions in Vendee, the Federalist Revolt posed real danger of civil war

Answer 16

People went further as revolt against Jacobins merged w/ royalist revolt City appealed for help from Anglo-Spanish fleet & proclaimed Louis XVII as King; it was key naval base w/ 26 French ships (⅓ French Navy!), so a revolutionary army was swiftly sent to lay siege to the city Napoleon Bonaparte heavily involved in conflict; Toulon taken in Dec 1793 thanks to him Toulon uprising causes other cities to denounce Jacobins; though other uprisings successfully crushed July-Oct 1793 as representants-en-mission sent to force cities back into line

Answer 17

24 June 1793 = Linked to new modified version of Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen Established an Executive Council to be subservient to Assembly Decreed universal male suffrage All entitled to public assistance; state must provide work Aggressively egalitarian constitution = stressed society more important than individual Originally endorsed by national plebiscite in 1794 w/ 1,801,918 votes in FAVOUR & 11,610 AGAINST; BUT never put into practice due to wartime situation!! Robespierre realises importance of support from Sans-Culottes

Answer 18

10th August 1793 = social change unsuitable during time of such strenuous war Govn had to be "revolutinary until the peace"

Answer 19

23rd August 1793 - order forcing all to participate in war efforts by National Convention All men without immediate dependents (bachelors & childless widows aged 18-25yrs) gave military service; France not needing soldiers so decision to call young men was tactical Married men to force weapons & transport services Women to make tents & serve in hospitals Children to shred linen for lit Old to excite courage of warriors, preach hatred of kings & unity of Republic in public spheres

Answer 20

Whole System Boomed!!! = new manufacturing process developed to increase gunpowder supply; factories & workshops improved to meet increasing supply/demand; Paris manufactured weapons (Oct 1793); professional training centre set up in South-West France (800 students); reorganisation of naval defences

Answer 21

1 million + men in arms 14 well trained & supplied armies Tightened discipline Representants-en-mission ensure high morale & loyalty of troops/generals Military defeat or failure became political crimes = want to avoid by all costs Distinction between regular soldiers & volunteered soldiers disappeared White Ancien Regime uniform replaced by Blue volunteers uniform Armies made to go on the offensive = situation gradually improved Carnot & Saint-Just replaced "aristocratic generals" w/ younger commanders committed to revolution 17 old generals executed in 1793 = wanted to ensure total commitment to revolution

Answer 22

Siege of Dunkirk lifted (Sept) Battle of Hoondschoote (Sept) = claimed as victory due to new system of levee en masse! Battle of Wattignes (Oct) = result of better supplies & morale Internal federalist revolts & counter-revolutionary forces crushed by late 1793 War of First Coalition = huge French war effort boosted & Committee of Public Safety proclaimed (Oct) "the cowardly satellites of tyranny have fled before you"

Answer 23

There was no 'moderate' faction in National Convention | Montagnards & spokesman Robespierre could dominate govn

Answer 24

Could suspend orders of Executive Council if it deemed them counter to national interest If 2/3rds of CPS voted an act than Executive Council had to carry it out = power of Executive Council weakened CPS also took authority of Committee of General Security (CGS) = easier than both being responsible for internal security Oversaw actions of Representants-en-mission set up to ensure total commitment to war effort & crush opposition in provinces Oversaw governance of war (including appointment of generals), appointment of judges/juries for the Revolutionary Tribunal, provisioning of the armies/public, maintenance for public order & the state bureaucracy

Answer 25

CPS reported to Convention on weekly basis; but w/ Montagnards control in Convention policies put forwarded were easily passed & process became a 'rubber stamping' exercise Convention readily produced funds for 'special missions' - providing CPS w/ significant independence & funding to pursue its aims

Answer 26

Deputies meant to change per month, but didn't! Instead a clique of dominant members emerged = e.g. Robespierre, Saint-Just, Couthon, Carnot Had to report to National Convention once a week, but became more of 'rubber-stamping exercise' CPS's powers virtually unchanged (Sept 1793 - July 1794) BUT CPS's intense & ruthless campaigns to destroy all counter-revolutionaries & win war brought arbitrary govn & the 'Terror' to France!

Answer 27

``` Robespierre replaces Danton Barere = Spokesman Carnot = Head of war effort Couthon = Man in wheelchair Saint-Just = Muderous reputation "Angel of Terror" ```

Answer 28

5th September 1793 - 27th July 1794 Name given to period when revolutionary govn tried to destroy suspected counter-revolution through escalation of vigilance & executions In Provinces = representants-en-mission carrier out local terror Economic Terror = Caused by Maximum Religious Terror = involving dechristianisation

Answer 29

In order for Montagnards to raise support (& remove the moderate Girondins in the Covention) they had to 'sell themselves' to the SC; Robespierre uncomfortable with this but knew it was necessary Increased agitation of SC after radical journalist Marat murdered by disgruntled Girondins - Charlotte Corday (13th July 1793) & grain shortages/ unemployment increased tensions = led to rioting constant in Paris

Answer 30

Journees = proved power of the people Power = influenced groups in power due to imitation/pressure Huge influence over National Guard whop acted for Paris Commune

Answer 31

Centralised govn - based in Paris Free market Democracy Unification of language - law accessible to all & understanding of rights

Answer 32

Affordable food & punishment of grain hoarders Price controls Fairer representation in National Convention United w/ Jacobins in hatred of Girondins

Answer 33

13th July 1793 = had been hiding in Paris sewer (since after 1791 Champ de Mars Massacres) Though still produced articles in his newspaper - L'Ami du Peuple Murdered by Charlotte Corday (disgruntled Girondin from provinces) Rumours sparked she was one of many counter-revolutionaries in Paris = increased riots in PAris Sans-Culottes demanded also suspects be arrested = demands for action = posed threats to authority of CPS & NC

Answer 34

Sans-Culottes march on National Convention demanding lower bread prices (w/ price controls), higher wages & attack on those oppressing the people (like grain-hoarders) National Convention had little choice & had to promise action against grain-hoarders & counter-revolutionaries Also allowed 2 popular Sans-Culottes activists - Billaud-Varennes & Collot d'Herbois - to join CPS

Answer 35

9th Sept 1793 = National Convention establishes Sans-Culottes paramilitary forces intended to force farmers to surrender grain & attack hoarders Raised in Paris & provinces Members paid, armed & led by military commanders Wanted to preserve revolution Passes responsibility/power over to Sans-Culottes = binding them to State = Jacobins given a powerful mob BUT looses farmers loyalty = which discourages food production 30,000 part of it, who thus do not follow authorities & given constitutional power

Answer 36

17th Sept 1793 = redefined the idea of 'suspect' (Nobles, Emigrees & relatives, Officials removed from office, Officers suspected of treason & Hoarders of goods = ALL SUSPECTS Could be arrested because of conduct, relationships, words or writings The Comites de surveillance (watch committes, established March 1793) had to draw up lists of suspects, issue warrants for arrest & give their lists to Committee of General Security (CGS) People in power enjoying control

Answer 37

29th Sept 1793 = replaced First Law of Maximum (May 1793) - ineffective Set maximum price for grain, flour, meat etc Imposed wage regulations Hunger/Poverty equally as dangerous as counter-revolutionaries Fears that economic struggle would create more radical revolutionaries The Maximum w/ the prohibition of metal money & Forced loan of the rich (Sept 1793) = Temporary stability of assignat Law of Suspects just before made people conform to economic Maximum = if they resisted, they were also resisting ideas of revolution & would make them enemy of State Economic security bound people to regime BUT damaging to encounter as encouraged grain-hoarding again

Answer 38

26th Oct 1793 = ensured food supplies in Paris & big towns

Answer 39

``` Law of Suspects (17th Sept 1793) Armees Revolutionnaires (29th Sept 1793) ```

Answer 40

Success of War brought by Levee en Masse & Carnot Pressures of Internal/External war as Marat's death encouraged Sans-Culottes to rise again (5th Sept 1793) = forced Jacobins to concede to legislation that radicalised revolution again bringing Terror Terror made CPS more dominant in running of France

French Rev Key Terms Section 3 Flashcards

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