Frequency, central tendancy, variability, z-scores

Question 1

Parameters

Answer 1

Population values e.g. the mean income for the population was 46,000 per annum - 46,000 is a parameter

Question 2

Sample

Answer 2

The individuals selected from the population and that you have gathered information on in your study or intend to do so.

Question 3

Statistics

Answer 3

Sample values (the mean income for the sample was 44,88 per annum - 44,800 is a statistic

Question 4

Sampling error

Answer 4

The discrepancy between the population parameter and sample statistic

Question 5

Data

Answer 5

Many scores

Question 6

Datum

Answer 6

One score

Question 7

Data set

Answer 7

A collection of scores, usually on many different variables.

Question 8

Experimental manipulation

Answer 8

-Drug, treatment

Question 9

Control manipulation

Answer 9

• Active placebo (e.g. side effects same as drug)

- Passive placebo (e.g.) sugar pill

Question 10

Independent variable (V)

Answer 10

• the presumed cause of some effect
• Experimentally manipulation
• Classifications or naturally occurring

Question 11

Dependent variable (DV)

Answer 11

• Presumed effect of the IV

- The variable that is observed as a result of the manipulation or classification of the IV

Question 12

Participant variables

Answer 12

Age, gender, ect.

Question 13

Environmental variables

Answer 13

Temperature, time of day ect.

Question 14

Discrete

Answer 14

When the measurements can only take on integer values (whole numbers, not fractions)

Question 15

Continuous

Answer 15

When the measurements could conceivably take on any value in a continuum. (i.e. an infinite number of fractional parts)

Question 16

Confounding variable

Answer 16

factors other than the independent variable that may cause a result.

Question 17

Exaggerated variables

Answer 17

Use extreme differences between levels/groups of the IV (compare performance (DV) between no help (IV level one) vs. expert help (IV level 2)

Question 18

Frequency distribution table

Answer 18

Shows the number of individuals with a certain value (or within a value range) on the measurement in question)

Question 19

Measures of central tenancy

Answer 19

mode
median
mean

Question 20

Distributions

Answer 20

Normal, negative/positive skew

Question 21

Descriptive statistics

Answer 21

• Measures of central tendancy (mode, mean, median
• Distributions; Normal, Negative/positive skew
• measuring variability
• standard deviation

Question 22

Measures of central tendancy

Answer 22

typical or average score in distribution

Question 23

Mean

Answer 23

Arithmetic average of scores

Question 24

Median

Answer 24

score falling in the exact center

Question 25

Mode

Answer 25

most frequently occurring score

Question 26

n

Answer 26

total number of scores in sample

Question 27

Sigma (weird E symbol)

Answer 27

the sum of X, (add up all scores)

Question 28

how do you find the median with an odd number of scores?

Answer 28

Order the scores from largest to smallest then it is the middle value.

Question 29

how do you find the median with an even number of scores.

Answer 29

order scores from smallest to largest | then add the two middle scores together and divide by two.

Question 30

Variability

Answer 30

How much scores vary from each other and from the mean

Question 31

Standard deviation

Answer 31

Numerical depection of variability - high variability in data set = high standard deviation - Low variability in data set = low standard deviation

Question 32

Normal distribution

Answer 32

Normal distribution is a symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many human characteristics are dispersed in the population.

Question 33

Fixed pattern

Answer 33

how scores under the normal distribution are dispersed

Question 34

What does standard deviation serve as

Answer 34

a unit of measurement | - about 68% of scores fall within one SD (plus or minus from the mean.

Question 35

z-scores (standardized scores)

Answer 35

Used to describe the location of individual raw scores (X) on the distribution in standard deviation units