Freud

Question 0

What kind of psychoanalysis developed in these historical conditions?

Answer 0

Anti-Semitic SENTIMENT-PSYCHOANALYSIS developed

Question 1

What were most of the early psychoanalysis pioneers

Answer 1

European Jewish - suffered persecution and discrimination

Question 2

To Jewish people, what did psychoanalysis become?

Answer 2

A form of religion

Question 3

Freud’s socio-historical location? (Birth? Birthplace? Parents? Other?)

Answer 3

6 May? 1856 - 1939 23 September 
Austria: Freiberg, Moravia -Austria 
Jacob (39) Amalia (19)
Freud's unusual family and achieve "greatness" 
- neurology and cocaine

Question 4

Freud’s early influences?

Answer 4

Jean-Martin Charcot (hypnotism and hysteria) 
Josef Breuer (talking cure and Anna O)

Question 5

Domain of development? (Psychoanalysis)

Answer 5

Focus of analysis- INDIVIDUAL
Socio-emotional development - development of the self: PERSONALITY
The role of BIOLOGY in the creation of the individual
PATHOLOGY - neuroses and defence

Question 6

Assumptions? (7)

Answer 6

Psychodynamic, conflict, unconscious, Eros&Thanatos, early experience, defence, metaphorical

Question 7

Psychodynamic assumption?

Answer 7

Processes are always in motion

Question 8

Conflict assumption?

Answer 8

Between competing pressures within the personality and from external world

Question 9

Unconscious assumption?

Answer 9

The unconscious has a major role in determining behaviour

Question 10

Eros and Thanatos assumption?

Answer 10

Life (sexual) and death (aggressive) instincts

Question 11

Early experience assumption?

Answer 11

Central influence on how the personality is developed

Question 12

Defence (soldiers) assumption?

Answer 12

There are things about every person that are threatening to him/her

Question 13

Metaphorical assumption?

Answer 13

The quality of analogy or metaphor features prominently

Question 14

Method? (Psychoanalysis)

Answer 14

Free association, dream analysis, transference, interpretation and understanding metaphor, slips of the tongue

Question 15

Explanatory exposition? (Psychoanalysis)

Answer 15

Complimentary models 
Life & death instincts 
Anxiety (reality, moral, neurotic)
Ego defence mechanisms 
Stage theory of development (Oedipus complex, penis envy, castration anxiety, identification, differences in infantile and adult sexuality)

Question 16

Models of mind?

Answer 16

Complementary models (structure and topography both need to be functioning well in order to maintain HOMEOSTASIS)

• structural model (components of personality -Id, ego, superego)
• topographical model (layers of consciousness -con, pre, un)

Question 17

Topographical model of complementary model?

Answer 17

Conscious mind - present awareness
Preconscious mind - outside awareness but accessible
Unconscious mind - not accessible

Question 18

Structural model of the complementary model?

Answer 18

Ego - executive mediator
Superego - internalised ideals
Id - unconscious psychic energy

Question 19

The ID of the structural model?

Answer 19

• composed of biological, instinctual drives
• innate (born with it)
• seeks immediate, indiscriminate gratification
• source of all mental energy
• obeys the pleasure principle (pleasure is good and nothing else matters)
• gratification urges body to homeostasis
• libido - biological force/energy underlying pleasure-seeking activity
• Thanatos - the death instinct

Question 20

Ego of the structural model?

Answer 20

• organised, rational, reality-orientated system
• develops first 2 years of life as infant experiences reality
• holds ID in check until suitable object is found
• helps ID achieve gratification within confines of reality
• prevents ID drives from violating superego principles
• obeys reality principle: behaviour takes into account the external world

Question 21

Superego within the structural model?

Answer 21

• learnt
• inhibits ID urges
• strives for perfection
• “irrational” - operates on extremes (good or bad)
• developed through rewards and punishment
• conscious - right or wrong
• formed around age 5 via Oedipal complex resolution

Question 22

Structural and topographical

Answer 22

EGO - con,pre,un - psychological component/reality principle/secondary process thing (reality testing)
ID - un - biological component/pleasure principle/primary process thinking (wish fulfilment)
SUPEREGO - con,pre,un - social component/moral imperatives/contains the conscious and the EGO IDEAL

Question 23

Life and death instincts?

Answer 23

Eros - life and sexual instincts (libido) / survival, reproductive, pleasure

Thanatos - death instinct (aggression) / the goal of life is death

Question 24

Anxiety assumption?

Answer 24

Anxiety emerges on the interaction with the ffg - reality - caused by real, objective sources of danger in the env - moral - fear that the person will do something contrary to the superego, and thus experience guilt - neurotic - fear that the impulses of the id will overwhelm the ego, do something for which will be punished

Question 25

Stage theory of development assumption?

Answer 25

- qualitatively different; transitions - psychosexual - erogenous zone - fixation - oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital (OAPLG) - central role of early experience in the creation of the self

Question 26

Psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 26

``` Oral stage - birth to 18months Anal stage - 18m to 2yrs Phallic stage - 3yrs to 5yrs Latency stage - 5yrs to puberty Genial stage - puberty onwards ```

Question 27

Oral stage of the psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 27

Birth to 18 months - infants interaction with the world occurs ORALLY (through feeding) - mouth becomes a source of pleasure - sexual activity is not separated from ingestion of food yet - GOAL of this stage is WEANING (for child to become independent from mother) - personality traits emerge from the quality of this stages resolution

Question 28

Goal and resolution of the oral stage?

Answer 28

GOAL of this stage is WEANING (for child to become independent from mother) - personality traits emerge from the quality of this stages resolution - --> dependence-independence, trust-mistrust, optimism-pessimism - unsatisfactory resolution - fixation with negative aspects

Question 29

"Oral characters"

Answer 29

Relate to the world orally - preoccupation with oral pleasure - eating disorders, oral types of sexuality, kissing, etc... - other bhvrs: smoking, substance abuse, nail biting

Question 30

Anal stage of the psychosexual stage of development?

Answer 30

18months to 2 years - anus -erogenous zone - aim of stage is to eject the object/destroy it/be done with it - stage in which the child conceded to parental demands - thus gives faeces to parent as a gift - involves reward/punishment which influences the child's productivity & creativity as an adult

Question 31

Anal stage resolutions?

Answer 31

Child can also hold back faeces (understanding his/her own control) - consequences may lead to NEGATIVE PARENTAL REACTIONS (scolding, punishment) - > child may react in two ways: 1. ANAL RETENTIVE TRAITS develop 2. ANAL EXPULSIVE TRAITS develop

Question 32

Anal retentive traits?

Answer 32

When child withholds stools (e.g. Excessive orderliness, stinginess or stubbornness)

Question 33

Anal Expulsive traits?

Answer 33

Rebels through forceful excretion (e.g. Cruelty, hostility, messy)

Question 34

Phallic stage of psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 34

3 years to 5 years - through urination and washing of genital areas children notice pleasure assoc. with these body parts - infantile masturbation - experienced pleasurable stimulation without orgasm - sexual objects - focused on one external object - primary caregiver - Oedipus and Electra complex - occurs - needs to be negotiated successfully

Question 35

Phallic stage cont...

Answer 35

- drive of knowledge emerges for boys- thru its proneness to excitement and many sensations - children are curious re. Anatomical sexual differences --> SCOPOPHILIC DRIVE emerges - see others sexual organs This manifests in: 1. Exhibitionism - desire to show genitals 2. Voyeurism - desire to see others naked

Question 36

Castration anxiety and penis envy

Answer 36

Boys believe that everyone else possess a penis and lose their penis (For boys) castration anxiety - literal/figurative fear that he will lose his penis/manhood (For girls) penis envy - desire to possess a penis, attain masculine status

Question 37

Identification (psychosexual stages)

Answer 37

In phallic stage | - child adopts characteristics of same sex parent

Question 38

Latency stage in psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 38

- resolution of phallic stage - the child enters a period of calmness (sexual & aggressive instincts inactive thru defences) - DEFENCES/repression/sublimation - this stage - culture (nurture) plays a larger role in development

Question 39

Defences

Answer 39

- protect ego from real/imagined threat - keeps unconscious material out of conscious awareness - channels/controls forces which may lead to neurosis or psychosis - thus these (neurosis & psychosis) occur when there is a breakdown in defences

Question 40

Repression

Answer 40

(Basic/foundational) - keeps disturbing/unacceptable impulses away from the conscious part of the mind, e.g. Forget events from traumatic experiences

Question 41

Sublimation

Answer 41

The ability to direct libidinal energies towards socially acceptable ways, like art, etc...

Question 42

Ego defence mechanisms

Answer 42

Identification, projection, rationalisation, intellectualisation

Question 43

Identification defence

Answer 43

Ego defence mechanism Unconscious internalisation of others' personality characteristics (admired or envied)

Question 44

Projection

Answer 44

Ego defence mechanism Transferring one's own feelings/thoughts onto others

Question 45

Rationalisation

Answer 45

Ego defence mechanism Retrospective justification - provide acceptable motives

Question 46

Intellectualisation

Answer 46

Ego defence mechanism Using intellectual concepts/words - avoid exp. emotions

Question 47

Gentian stage of psychosexual stage of development

Answer 47

Puberty onwards - with puberty - sexual and aggressive urges influence - conflicts from earlier stages may reoccur here - sexual identity is prominent within social prohibitions - physiological changes (menstruation/erection) - this stage is NB for how adult sexuality will manifest

Question 48

Genial stage - if all prior psychosexual stages have been negotiated and no strong fixations exist...

Answer 48

- the indi should enter this stage with sex instincts - powerfully focused on the genitals - sexual instincts are directed towards a particular sexual object - separate and partial component instincts of various Ero zones combine in subordination to the primary of the genital some - overarching sexual aimntonpenetrative genital sexual intercourse reaching orgasm

Question 49

Criticisms of psychoanalysis

Answer 49

- internally inconsistent - male chauvinism and patriarchy - overemphasis on sexual and the unconscious motivations - pessimistic about human nature - equating the ultimate state of happiness with a tension-free state - lifespan

Question 50

Contributions?

Answer 50

- demonstrating the importance of anxiety as a determinant of bhvr - psychological and physiological origins of disorders - childhood conflicts have lifelong consequences - ways in which we defend ourselves against anxiety - same processes are involved in normal and abnormal bhvr - therapeutic technique - religion, philosophy, art, eduction, literature