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Biology > From Big To Small > Flashcards

From Big To Small Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What is the nucleus and what does it do

A

It controls all the activity in the cell and contains the chromosomes (strands of DNA which carry the genes)

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2
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

The boundary between the cytoplasm and the cell’s surroundings - it controls what substances go in and out of the cell (selectively permeable)

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall

A

To maintain the structure of a plant cell. Made of cellulose

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4
Q

What do mitochondria do

A

Carries out some reactions of aerobic respiration and produces ATP

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5
Q

What do chloroplasts do

A

absorb light energy and use it to carry out the chemical reactions of photosynthesis

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6
Q

what is the cell membrane

A

boundary between the cytoplasm and the cell’s surroundings

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like liquid where chemical reactions occur

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8
Q

what do Ribosomes do?

A

Synthesise proteins from amino acids

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with watery liquid called cell sap. stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other substances

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10
Q

Starch and glycogen are made up of

A

Simple sugars

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11
Q

Lipids are made up of

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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12
Q

ATP provides

A

energy for cells

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13
Q

anaerobic respiration equation

A

glucose -> lactic acid

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14
Q

Balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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15
Q

What is ATP and why is it needed

A

Glucose is like a truckload of energy so every one glucose molecule(that is hard to break down) is broken down into 33 ATP molecules that are easy to break down

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16
Q

Common Features of a plant cell

A

Chloroplasts
Cellulose cell wall

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17
Q

Four eukaryotic kingdoms

A

Plant, Animal, Funghi, Protoctista

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18
Q

Common features of protoctista

A

All single celled
Cells contain: chloroplasts, cell wall, flagella

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19
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

Organism that contains a proper nucleus

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20
Q

How do protoctista get their nutrients

A

Some photosynthesise while others feed on other organisms or organic remains

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21
Q

How do animals and funghi store carbohydrates

A

as glycogen

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22
Q

How do plants store their carbohydrates

A

as starch or sucrose

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23
Q

Common features of funghi cells

A

No chloroplasts
Chitin cell wall
Many nuclei per cell

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24
Q

How do funghi get nutrients

A

Feed by saprotrophic nutrition

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25
What is a prokaryote
an organism that has no proper nucleus
26
name one prokaryote
bacteria
27
What is a pathogen
microorganisms which cause infectious disease
28
Structure of a virus
A strand of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
29
Bacterial cells contains
plasmids capsule flagella single chromosome
30
Saprotrophic nutrition
when organisms secrete digestive enzymes outside of their cells onto the dead organisms. The dead organism is broken down into small, soluble molecules which are then absorbed by the decomposer
31
What is cell respiration
the process of breaking down food molecules to release ATP
32
All cells need a source of energy to be able to carry out life processes. this is called
ATP
33
How is ATP produced
During aerobic respiration, oxygen is used to break down glucose and release energy. some of this energy is released as heat but most is trapped in a usable form of ATP
34
Why can unicellular organisms rely on diffusion
They have a large surface area to volume ratio
35
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area with high concentration to low concentration
36
What is a stem cell
A single cell that can replicate itself or differentiate into many cell types. All cells begin as stem cells
37
Adaptations of a red blood cell
- contains haemoglobin - no nucleus - Biconcave shaped
38
Adaptations of a sperm cell
- Flagellum - many mitochondria - Acrosome (package of enzymes to digest the jelly layer surrounding the egg cell
39
Adaptations of a palisade cell (leaf)
- packed with chloroplasts - tall and thin (cells can pack tightly together so more of the light reaching the leaf can be absorbed
40
What elements are Carbohydrates made up of
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
41
Many sugar molecules (1000s) are joined together to make which two carbohydrates
Starch and Glycogen
42
What is starch used for
to store glucose in plants
43
What is glycogen used for
To store glucose in animals and funghi
44
What two things are the smallest units of carbohydrates
The simple sugars: glucose and fructose
45
What do glucose and fructose make up when joined
sucrose
46
What elements are fats made up of
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
47
What 'chains' are lipids made out of
3 fatty acid chains joined to a glycerol molecule
48
What are lipids used for in the body
- energy storage - thermal insulation - electrical insulation (around nerve cells) - buoyancy - part of cell membranes
49
What elements are proteins made up of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
50
What 'chains' are proteins made out of
amino acids
51
Functions of proteins in the body
- structural molecules (eg collagen and keratin) - Controlling chemical reactions (enzymes) - messenger molecules (hormones) - combating disease (antibodies) - transport (haemoglobin)
52
what is an enzyme
A catalyst - a chemical which increases the rate of reaction without being used up itself in the reaction
53
How do enzymes work
- substrate and enzyme collide and bind together - Binding to the site strains the chemical bonds in the substrate so the reaction occurs by an alternate pathway with a lower activation energy - once this has occurred the products don't fit the active site as well so they are released
54
What affects the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction
Temperature (more kinetic energy so more successful collisions) pH (denatured) Concentration of substrate or enzyme
55
What is a chromosome
a linear strand of DNA
56
What is a genome
the total DNA of an organism - coding for all its charateristics
57
what is a gene
a short section of DNA within a chromosome
58
What is DNA
the chemical which contains the information for making proteins - it contains the instructions for all the structures and reactions needed in the cell of an organism
59
What is the structure of DNA
a double stranded molecule made of two chains of nucleotides. these strands coil to form a double helix
60
What are the four bases of a nucleotide and what are their pairs
- adenine ALWAYS PAIRS WITH - thymine - cytosine ALWAYS PAIRS WITH - guanine
61
What three thing is a nucleotide made out of
- a sugar (deoxyribose) - a phosphate - a nitrogenous base
62
what are eukaryotes
organisms whose cells contain a nucleus
63
Differences between funghi and protoctista
fungi = mostly multi-cellular protoctista = all single celled f = cells have no chloroplasts and a chitin cell wall p = have chloroplasts but normal cell wall f = feed by saprotrophic nutrition p = photosynthesis or feeding on other organisms
64
Features of bacteria
- prokaryotic - single cellular - very small - cell wall, plasmids - no nucleus (genetic material in the form of a single (wiggly) circular chromosome
65
what is a pathogen
microorganism which cause infectious disease. they harm the host by releasing toxins or damaging cells
66
What is the structure of viruses
a simple strand of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
67
how to viruses reproduce
- enter a host cell - take over the ribosomes and enzymes in the cell to make new virus particles - when many new viruses have been made the cell dies and the new viruses are released
68
how does saprotrophic nutrition occur
- secrete digestive enzymes outside of their cells onto dead organisms - the dead organism is broken down into small soluble molecules - absorbed by organism
69
What kingdoms store carbohydrates as glycogen
Animals Fungi

Biology (22 decks)

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