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From Feldman Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major domains of human development?

A

Physical, cognitive, social, and personality development.

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2
Q

What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous change?

A

Continuous change is gradual and cumulative, while discontinuous change occurs in distinct stages.

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3
Q

What are critical and sensitive periods in development?

A

Critical = essential window; Sensitive = optimal window, but not required.

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4
Q

What is behavioral genetics?

A

The field studying how heredity influences behavior and how environment interacts with genes.

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5
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

A

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.

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6
Q

What is the role of genetic counseling?

A

To help understand genetic influences and potential risks in development.

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7
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Skills involving large muscle groups, like walking and jumping.

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8
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Precise movements, like grasping or writing.

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9
Q

How do senses develop in infancy?

A

All senses function at birth; vision is least developed but improves quickly.

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10
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

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11
Q

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?

A

Assimilation: fit new info into old schema; Accommodation: modify schema for new info.

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12
Q

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

A

The range between what a child can do alone vs. with help; scaffolding aids development.

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13
Q

What are holophrases and telegraphic speech?

A

Holophrases = one-word expressions; Telegraphic = short phrases omitting non-essentials.

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14
Q

What is metalinguistic awareness?

A

The ability to reflect on and understand language rules.

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15
Q

What influences bilingual language acquisition?

A

Input frequency, support, societal attitudes, and language prestige.

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16
Q

What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

A

Fluid = reasoning/problem-solving; Crystallized = accumulated knowledge.

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17
Q

What is the traditional formula for IQ?

A

Mental age ÷ chronological age × 100.

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18
Q

What is the Flynn effect?

A

The observed rise in average IQ scores over generations.

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19
Q

How do peers influence development?

A

Through modeling, feedback, and social comparison.

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20
Q

What roles do parents play in development?

A

They provide emotional security, structure, and guidance.

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21
Q

What is co-regulation in parenting?

A

A gradual shift of control from parent to child as independence increases.

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22
Q

What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

A

Development is shaped by microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem.

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23
Q

How does culture impact development?

A

It shapes values, expectations, and life experiences.

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24
Q

What social issues affect development?

A

Poverty, discrimination, education access, and cultural norms.

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25
What is the lifespan perspective in development?
Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, contextual, and multidisciplinary.
26
What is the nature vs. nurture debate in development?
Debates whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) has more influence on development.
27
What are monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
Monozygotic = identical twins from one egg; Dizygotic = fraternal twins from two eggs.
28
What is a teratogen?
An environmental agent that can cause harm during prenatal development.
29
What are the three types of gene-environment correlations?
Passive, evocative, and active (niche-picking).
30
What is synaptic pruning?
The elimination of unused synapses to improve brain efficiency.
31
How does brain lateralization affect development?
Each hemisphere specializes in different functions, influencing skills like language or spatial ability.
32
What sensory abilities are well-developed at birth?
Hearing, touch, and taste are well-developed; vision is poor but improves rapidly.
33
What is egocentrism in Piaget’s theory?
A child's inability to see a situation from another's perspective.
34
What is conservation according to Piaget?
Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.
35
What are cultural tools in Vygotsky’s theory?
Objects, symbols, and language that support cognitive development through social interaction.
36
What is infant-directed speech?
High-pitched, exaggerated, and simplified speech used by adults to communicate with babies.
37
What is the interactionist perspective on language development?
Language develops through both innate abilities and social interaction.
38
What is private speech?
Self-directed speech that helps children plan and guide their own behavior.
39
What is Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
Includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligences.
40
What are Gardner’s multiple intelligences?
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic.
41
What is selective optimization with compensation?
A strategy older adults use to focus on strengths and compensate for declines.
42
What are the three stages of friendship in middle childhood?
Stage 1: Basing friendship on behavior; Stage 2: Trust; Stage 3: Psychological closeness.
43
What is the 'sandwich generation'?
Middle-aged adults caring for both their children and aging parents.
44
How do peer cliques and crowds affect adolescents?
They influence identity, behavior, and self-esteem.
45
What is acculturation?
The cultural and psychological changes that occur when different cultures come into contact.
46
How does socioeconomic status affect development?
It influences access to resources, education, nutrition, and healthcare.
47
What is stereotype threat?
Fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can affect performance.
48
What is the psychosocial crisis of early childhood (3–6 years) according to Erikson?
Initiative vs. Guilt: Children assert control through play and social interaction.
49
What is the psychosocial stage of adolescence (12–18 years)?
Identity vs. Role Confusion: Teens explore personal identity and sense of self.
50
What is the key conflict of middle adulthood in Erikson’s theory?
Generativity vs. Stagnation: Focus on contributing to society or feeling unproductive.
51
What is Erikson's final stage of psychosocial development in late adulthood?
Ego Integrity vs. Despair: Reflecting on life with a sense of satisfaction or regret.
52
What is the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?
The immediate environment (family, school, peers) directly interacting with the individual.
53
What is the mesosystem?
The interconnections between microsystems, like parent-teacher relationships.
54
What is the exosystem?
Settings that affect the individual indirectly, such as a parent’s workplace.
55
What is the macrosystem?
Cultural values, laws, and societal norms.
56
What is the chronosystem?
Time-based changes and transitions, including life events and historical shifts.
57
What are the five stages of grief according to Kübler-Ross?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.
58
What is anticipatory grief?
Grieving before a loss occurs, often seen in terminal illness.
59
How do children understand death differently from adults?
They see death as reversible and may not understand its permanence.
60
What is disenfranchised grief?
Grief that is not socially recognized or supported, like death of an ex-partner or pet.
61
What is the difference between bereavement and grief?
Bereavement is the experience of loss; grief is the emotional response.
62
What is the activity theory of aging?
Older adults are happiest when they remain active and engaged.
63
What is ageism?
Prejudice or discrimination against individuals based on age.
64
What is the socioemotional selectivity theory?
As people age, they prioritize meaningful relationships and emotional well-being.
65
How do societal attitudes affect identity in adolescence?
Cultural values and norms shape how adolescents see themselves and their future roles.
66
What are some cultural factors that influence the experience of aging?
Respect for elders, expectations for independence, and family support structures.
67
How does culture shape grief and mourning?
Cultures vary in rituals, expressions of emotion, and support during bereavement.

Development (13 decks)

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