FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY(2) Flashcards
is to master the topic/chapter using these flashcards (113 cards)
1
Q
When did the East India Company receive its charter?
A
n 1600, from Queen Elizabeth I.
2
Q
What advantage did the charter give the East India Company?
A
It granted them a monopoly over trade with the East.
3
Q
Who discovered the sea route to India?
A
Vasco da Gama in 1498.
4
Q
What were the main goods traded from India?
A
Cotton, silk, pepper, cloves, cardamom, and cinnamon.
5
Q
Why did European companies fight each other?
A
To eliminate competition and control trade.
6
Q
How did the East India Company ensure higher profits?
A
By eliminating competition, buying goods cheaply, and selling them at higher prices in Europe.
7
Q
Why couldn’t the English monopoly prevent other European traders?
A
The Portuguese, Dutch, and French also sought trade in the Indian Ocean, leading to competition.
8
Q
How did the Portuguese establish early dominance in India?
A
They controlled trade routes and had a base in Goa by the early 1500s.
9
Q
How did competition affect the price of Indian goods?
A
Demand from multiple European companies pushed prices up, reducing profits.
10
Q
How did European trading companies fight for control?
A
They attacked ships, blockaded trade routes, and prevented rivals from obtaining supplies.
11
Q
What strategies would help you succeed?
Imagine you are a European trader in the 17th century. You want to trade in India, but the East India Company and other European powers are competing fiercely. How will you secure a foothold in this market?
2+1 (2for ans 1 for small note)
A
To succeed, I would form alliances with local Indian rulers, establish fortified trading posts, and negotiate better deals with suppliers. I would also hire private security to protect my goods from attacks by rival companies and explore alternative trade routes to avoid blockades.
European traders built forts and formed alliances to protect their trade from rivals, shaping future colonial rule.
12
Q
When and where was the first English factory established in India?
A
In 1651, on the banks of the river Hugli.
13
Q
What term was used for the East India Company’s traders in the 17th century?
A
They were known as “factors.”
14
Q
What privilege did Emperor Aurangzeb grant the East India Company?
A
The right to trade duty-free.
15
Q
How did the East India Company expand its settlement around the Hugli factory?
A
By persuading merchants and traders to settle near the factory and building a fort around the settlement by 1696.
16
Q
How did Company officials misuse Aurangzeb’s farman for personal gain?
A
While the farman allowed the Company to trade duty-free, officials used it to conduct private trade without paying duties, which led to revenue losses for Bengal.
17
Q
How did the East India Company’s actions in the 17th century threaten Mu
Imagine you are a Mughal official in the 17th century witnessing the growing power of the East India Company. What concerns might you have about their increasing control over trade and land?
A
The Company bribed officials to secure land rights, built forts, and avoided paying duties, undermining local authority and causing a revenue loss for Bengal. This raised concerns about their growing power and influence, which could disrupt Mughal rule.
The Company’s strategic manipulation of Mughal privileges played a significant role in their eventual control of key regions, leading to long-term colonial dominance.
18
Q
What was the main reason for the conflict between the East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal?
A
The Company officials engaged in private trade but refused to pay the required duties, which caused a significant loss of revenue for Bengal. This led to growing tension and resentment from the Nawab of Bengal, Murshid Quli Khan.
19
Q
What actions did the East India Company take to protect and expand its trading interests in India?
A
The Company built a fort around its settlement and secured political privileges such as trading duty-free rights. They used these advantages to monopolize trade and increase their influence in the region.
20
Q
How did the East India Company’s actions in the 17th century threaten Mu
Imagine you are a Mughal official in the 17th century witnessing the growing power of the East India Company. What concerns might you have about their increasing control over trade and
2+1 :)
A
The Company bribed officials to secure land rights, built forts, and avoided paying duties, undermining local authority and causing a revenue loss for Bengal. This raised concerns about their growing power and influence, which could disrupt Mughal rule.
The Company’s strategic manipulation of Mughal privileges played a significant role in their eventual control of key regions, leading to long-term colonial dominance.
21
Q
How did the East India Company expand its influence in Bengal?
A
The Company bribed Mughal officials to gain zamindari rights over three villages, including Kalikata, which became Calcutta (Kolkata).
22
Q
What was the main reason for the conflict between the East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal?
A
The Company officials engaged in private trade but refused to pay the required duties, which caused a significant loss of revenue for Bengal. This led to growing tension and resentment from the Nawab of Bengal, Murshid Quli Khan.
23
Q
What actions did the East India Company take to protect and expand its trading interests in India?
A
The Company built a fort around its settlement and secured political privileges such as trading duty-free rights. They used these advantages to monopolize trade and increase regional influence.
24
Q
Who was the first Nawab of Bengal to challenge the East India Company’s growing power?
A
Murshid Quli Khan.👾
25
What did the Nawabs of Bengal demand from the Company?
Large tributes, refusal of concessions, and no rights to mint coins or extend fortifications.
26
What action did the Company take when the Nawabs of Bengal refused to grant concessions?
The Company accused the Nawabs of undermining their trade and depriving them of revenue.
27
What was the Company's stance on trade duties?
The Company argued that trade could flourish only if duties were removed.
28
What event led to the Battle of Plassey in 1757?
Sirajuddaulah's refusal to grant trade privileges and the Company's attempts to meddle in his political affairs.
29
Who did the Company support as a rival to Sirajuddaulah?
The Company supported one of Sirajuddaulah’s rivals, but their attempt failed.
30
Who led the British forces in the Battle of Plassey?
Robert Clive.
31
How did Mir Jafar contribute to Sirajuddaulah's defeat?
Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah's commanders, didn't fight, leading to the Nawab's defeat.
32
What does the name "Plassey" refer to?
What does the name "Plassey" refer to?
33
How did the Nawabs of Bengal assert their power against the East India Company in the early 18th century?(very long answer)
After Aurangzeb’s death, the Nawabs like Murshid Quli Khan, Alivardi Khan, and Sirajuddaulah refused to grant the Company concessions. They demanded taxes, stopped the Company from minting coins, and limited their fortifications, accusing the Company of depriving Bengal of revenue.
34
What were the main reasons for the conflict between the East India Company and the Nawabs of Bengal?(very long)
The East India Company refused to pay taxes, tried to extend its fortifications, and meddled in local politics. The Nawabs, in turn, viewed this as a direct challenge to their authority and responded by denying the Company privileges.
35
How did Sirajuddaulah respond to the Company's interference in his rule?
After the fall of Calcutta, Robert Clive led the Company’s forces, supported by a naval fleet, to confront Sirajuddaulah at the Battle of Plassey. He secured the support of Mir Jafar, Sirajuddaulah’s commander, who played a crucial role in the victory.
36
How did Mir Jafar’s betrayal lead to Sirajuddaulah's defeat?
Mir Jafar, who had secretly agreed to support the Company, did not engage in the battle. This undermined Sirajuddaulah’s forces and eventually defeated them at Plassey.
37
What were the immediate consequences of the Battle of Plassey for Sirajuddaulah?
Sirajuddaulah was defeated and removed from power. The Company installed Mir Jafar as Nawab of Bengal, giving the British a puppet ruler who would grant them trade privileges.
38
What strategic advantage did the East India Company gain after the Battle of Plassey?
After the battle, the East India Company gained political control over Bengal and the surrounding regions, securing its economic interests in the area and enabling its future expansion.
39
# What actions did Sirajuddaulah take in response to the East India Compan
Imagine you are Sirajuddaulah, the Nawab of Bengal, seeing the East India Company’s increasing power. How would you respond to the Company's demands and their interference in your political matters?
| 2+1
Sirajuddaulah marched to the English factory, captured Company officials, blocked ships, and attacked Calcutta after the Company refused to pay taxes and stopped fortifications. This escalated tensions, leading to the Battle of Plassey.
## Footnote
Sirajuddaulah's strong response reflected the growing resentment towards the Company’s expanding influence and disregard for local authority.
40
# If you were a Company official, how would you justify the Company's acti
Why did the East India Company continue to push for more power and concessions in Bengal?
The Company sought to expand its trade, enlarge its settlements, and remove duties. It believed that without these privileges, its trade would suffer, and the Company could not thrive.
## Footnote
The Company’s aggressive strategies were part of its broader colonial ambitions to control both trade and political power in India.
41
Who became the Nawab of Bengal after Sirajuddaulah’s assassination?
Mir Jafar.🧐
42
Why did the East India Company want to avoid taking over administration directly after the Battle of Plassey?
The Company’s primary goal was trade expansion, and it hoped to achieve this through cooperation with local rulers, not through direct territorial control.
43
What happened when Mir Qasim protested against the Company's demands?
Mir Qasim was defeated at the Battle of Buxar in 1764, driven out of Bengal, and Mir Jafar was reinstated as Nawab.
44
What was the Diwani, and how did it benefit the East India Company?
The Diwani allowed the Company to use Bengal's vast revenues, reducing its reliance on gold and silver from Britain for trade and military expenses.
45
How did the East India Company’s relationship with puppet nawabs change after the Battle of Plassey?
After the Battle of Plassey, the East India Company tried to work with puppet nawabs but found it increasingly difficult as the nawabs wanted to maintain some degree of sovereignty. The Company eventually decided it had to take direct control over Bengal to secure its interests.
46
How did the Company’s assumption of the Diwani in 1765 affect Bengal’s economy and politics?
The Diwani gave the Company control over Bengal’s revenue, which allowed it to finance its trade and military expenses. This significantly weakened Mughal authority and enabled the Company to directly influence Bengal’s economy and governance.
47
What led to the East India Company’s decision to take direct control over Bengal after 1765?
The failure to secure cooperation from puppet nawabs like Mir Jafar and Mir Qasim led the Company to believe that it needed to take direct control to expand its trade and ensure its interests were protected. The Company eventually gained control over Bengal’s revenue with the Diwani.
48
Why did the East India Company continue to demand more territories and revenue after Mir Jafar’s death?
The Company required more money to finance its expanding operations, including military campaigns and the growth of its trade. This led to more demands on the local rulers, culminating in the assumption of the Diwani.
49
How did the Diwani solve the financial problems faced by the East India Company?
he Diwani allowed the Company to access Bengal’s revenue, reducing its dependency on gold and silver imports from Britain. This enabled the Company to finance its growing expenses, including the cost of maintaining troops and fortifying its presence in India
50
# What impact did the East India Company’s assumption of the Diwani in 176
Imagine you are a Mughal official in 1765, witnessing the East India Company’s growing control over Bengal. How would you perceive the Company’s increasing demands and its assumption of the Diwani?
The Diwani gave the Company control over Bengal’s vast revenue resources, diminishing Mughal authority and turning Bengal into a key financial asset for the Company.
## Footnote
This shift marked the Company's transformation from a trading power to a ruling authority in Bengal.
51
How much wealth did Robert Clive accumulate during his time in India?
Robert Clive accumulated £401,102 during his time in India.
52
What was Robert Clive's fate after accumulating vast wealth in India?
Robert Clive was cross-examined by the British Parliament, acquitted, but later committed
53
What nickname was given to Company officials who returned to Britain with wealt
They were called “nabobs,” a term derived from the Indian word "nawab."
54
What were the conditions for many Company officials who came to India?
Many came from humble backgrounds and sought to earn enough wealth to return to Britain and live comfortably.
55
Why were some Company officials ridiculed upon their return to Britain?
They were seen as social climbers and upstarts, flaunting their wealth, which led to them being ridiculed in British society.
56
How did Robert Clive's wealth in India impact his reputation when he returned to Britain?
Despite accumulating vast wealth, Robert Clive was scrutinized by the British Parliament in 1772 due to his fortune, but he was acquitted. His wealth and the controversies surrounding it led to his eventual suicide in 1774.
57
Why did some Company officials, including Robert Clive, become extremely wealthy in India?
After the Battle of Plassey, the East India Company’s officials received large personal gifts, land, and money from the nawabs of Bengal, contributing to their massive wealth.
58
How were the "nabobs" seen in British society after they returned from India?
The "nabobs," who had returned to Britain with significant wealth, were often ridiculed as upstarts and social climbers. They were portrayed as flashy and ostentatious in British plays and cartoons
59
What was the fate of many Company officials who tried to amass wealth in India?
While some officials like Clive succeeded in making vast fortunes, many died early due to disease and war, and not all were considered corrupt or dishonest.
60
How did British Parliament react to Robert Clive’s fortune after his time in India?
British Parliament questioned Clive about his wealth in 1772 due to suspicions of corruption, but he was acquitted despite the controversy surrounding his fortune.
61
# What role did Robert Clive’s wealth play in the British Parliament’s inv
Imagine you are a British official in 1772, witnessing Robert Clive's trial. How would you view his actions and the wealth he accumulated in India?
Robert Clive's vast fortune raised suspicions in British Parliament about possible corruption, leading to an inquiry, though he was ultimately acquitted.
## Footnote
Clive's wealth and the questions surrounding it highlighted the complex relationship between British officials and the wealth they acquired in India.
62
# How were "nabobs" perceived by British society after returning with weal
Imagine you are a "nabob" returning to Britain after years in India. How would you feel about the way you are viewed by British society?
Nabobs" were seen as social climbers and upstarts, ridiculed for flaunting their wealth and status in British society.
## Footnote
The term "nabob" was used sarcastically to refer to those who returned from India with fortunes, reflecting the British disdain for their ostentatious lifestyles.
63
What methods did the East India Company use to annex Indian states from 1757 to 1857?
The Company used political, economic, and diplomatic methods to extend its influence before annexing Indian kingdoms.
64
What was the penalty for Indian rulers who failed to pay for the “subsidiary forces”?
If rulers failed to pay, part of their territory was taken away as a penalty.
65
What was the role of “Residents” in Indian states after the Battle of Buxar (1764)?
Residents were political or commercial agents who served the Company’s interests and interfered in the internal affairs of Indian states.
66
What was the “subsidiary alliance” imposed by the East India Company?
The subsidiary alliance required Indian rulers to not have independent armed forces, but to pay for the Company's protection forces.
67
Which territory did the Nawab of Awadh lose due to failure to pay for the “subsidiary forces”?
The Nawab of Awadh lost half of his territory to the Company in 1801 due to failure to pay for the “subsidiary forces.”
68
How did the East India Company extend its control over Indian states during the period from 1757 to 1857?
The East India Company extended its control through political, economic, and diplomatic methods rather than direct military attacks. It imposed conditions like subsidiary alliances, influencing succession, and appointing Residents in states to further its interests.
69
What was the consequence for Indian rulers who failed to pay for the “subsidiary forces” according to the terms of the alliance?
Rulers who failed to pay were forced to cede parts of their territory as a penalty. For instance, in 1801, the Nawab of Awadh lost over half of his territory for not fulfilling this obligation.
70
How did the appointment of “Residents” after the Battle of Buxar (1764) affect Indian states?
Residents were appointed as political and commercial agents who furthered the Company’s interests. They interfered in the internal matters of Indian states, including decisions on succession and administrative appointments.
71
What was the key feature of the “subsidiary alliance” that the East India Company imposed on Indian rulers?
The subsidiary alliance prohibited Indian rulers from maintaining independent armed forces, while the Company would protect them, provided the rulers paid for the Company’s protection forces
72
How did the policies of Richard Wellesley as Governor-General impact the Nawab of Awadh?
Richard Wellesley’s policies forced the Nawab of Awadh to cede half of his territory to the Company in 1801 because he failed to pay for the “subsidiary forces” as agreed upon in the alliance
73
# What did the subsidary alliance have on the sovereignty of Indian rulers
Imagine you are an Indian ruler in the 18th century facing the demands of the East India Company. How would you respond to the imposition of the “subsidiary alliance”?
The “subsidiary alliance” stripped Indian rulers of their independent military power, leaving them dependent on the Company for protection while still having to pay for its forces.
## Footnote
This system significantly reduced the military autonomy of Indian states, pushing them into financial burdens and political dependence on the East India Company.
74
# Wellesley’s policies lead to the cession of territories
Imagine you are a British official during the time of Richard Wellesley. How would you justify the seizure of Nawab of Awadh’s territory?
Wellesley’s policies required Indian rulers to pay for “subsidiary forces” for protection. Failure to do so led to the cession of territory as a penalty, such as the loss of half the Nawab of Awadh's territory in 1801.
## Footnote
The policy allowed the East India Company to expand its territorial control under the guise of military protection.
75
Why did the East India Company see Mysore as a threat?
Mysore, under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, controlled key trade routes and formed ties with the French, which threatened British interests.
76
What economic policy of Tipu Sultan angered the British?
In 1785, Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper, and cardamom and banned local merchants from trading with the Company.
77
How did the British finally defeat Mysore?
After four wars, the British won in 1799 at the Battle of Shrirangapatnam, where Tipu Sultan was killed, and Mysore was placed under the Wodeyars with a subsidiary alliance.
78
Who were the key rulers of Mysore that challenged the British, and what were their policies?
Haidar Ali (1761–1782) and Tipu Sultan (1782–1799) were powerful rulers of Mysore. Tipu Sultan modernized the army with French support and restricted British trade by banning the export of key commodities like sandalwood and pepper.
79
What were the Anglo-Mysore Wars, and how did they conclude?
The British fought four wars against Mysore (1767–69, 1780–84, 1790–92, 1799). The final war, the Battle of Shrirangapatnam (1799), resulted in Tipu Sultan’s death, and Mysore was placed under the Wodeyars with British control.
80
How did Mysore’s relations with the French impact its conflict with the British?
Tipu Sultan established close ties with the French and modernized his army with their help, alarming the British, who saw this as a direct threat and sought to eliminate his rule.
81
# Why did the British view Tipu Sultan as a dangerous ruler, and how did t
Why did the British view Tipu Sultan as a dangerous ruler, and how did they respond?
The British saw Tipu Sultan as a threat due to his economic restrictions on British trade and his alliance with the French. They fought four wars against Mysore, finally defeating and killing him in the Battle of Shrirangapatnam in 1799.
## Footnote
The death of Tipu Sultan marked the end of Mysore’s resistance against British rule, leading to the establishment of indirect British control through a puppet ruler.
82
What was the impact of the Third Battle of Panipat on the Marathas?
The Marathas' dream of ruling from Delhi was shattered, leading to their division into multiple states ruled by different chiefs.
83
What was the result of the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805)?
The British gained Orissa and territories north of the Yamuna, including Agra and Delhi.
84
What was Lord Hastings' policy of "paramountcy"?
The British claimed supreme authority over Indian states, justifying annexation whenever they saw fit.
85
What was the Doctrine of Lapse, and who introduced it?
Introduced by Lord Dalhousie, it stated that if a ruler died without a male heir, his kingdom would be annexed by the British.
86
How did the British justify annexing Awadh in 1856?
They claimed they were "obliged by duty" to take over Awadh to free its people from the Nawab’s "misgovernment."
87
Who resisted the British annexation of Kitoor, and what happened to them?
Rani Channamma led an armed resistance but was imprisoned and died in 1829, while Rayanna continued the fight before being hanged in 1830.
88
How did the British gradually weaken Maratha power?
after the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Marathas split into smaller states. The British defeated them in three wars, with the final war (1817–1819) leading to the removal of the Peshwa and British control over southern India.
89
How did the East India Company justify its territorial expansion in the 19th century?
Under Lord Hastings, the Company adopted the policy of "paramountcy," claiming supreme authority over Indian states. This allowed them to interfere in state affairs and annex kingdoms for "protection" or "misgovernment."
90
What was the significance of the Anglo-Sikh Wars?
After Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, two wars were fought between the British and the Sikh Empire. In 1849, Punjab was annexed, marking the end of Sikh sovereignty.
91
What were the key annexations under the Doctrine of Lapse?
Under Lord Dalhousie, Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853), and Jhansi (1854) were annexed, as their rulers had no male heirs.
92
How did British fears of Russian expansion influence their policies?
Concerned about Russian influence, the British fought a war with Afghanistan (1838–1842), annexed Sind (1843), and eventually took over Punjab (1849) after the Anglo-Sikh Wars.
93
How did the annexation of Awadh contribute to the Revolt of 1857?
the British deposed the Nawab of Awadh in 1856, humiliating the local people. This fueled widespread anger, leading many in Awadh to join the Revolt of 1857 against British rule.
94
# How did the British defeat the Marathas
Imagine you are a Maratha chief during the Anglo-Maratha Wars. What strategy would you use to resist British expansion?
The British fought three wars against the Marathas, ultimately winning in 1819. The Peshwa was removed, and the British gained control over large territories in southern India.
## Footnote
The Third Anglo-Maratha War ended the Maratha Confederacy, marking a significant step in British domination over India.
95
# What was the Doctrine of Lapse, and how did Indian rulers respond to it?
You are a ruler facing annexation under the Doctrine of Lapse. How would you try to resist British policies?
The Doctrine of Lapse allowed the British to annex states without male heirs. Rulers like Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi strongly opposed it and played key roles in the Revolt of 1857.
## Footnote
The Doctrine of Lapse was one of the major causes of discontent leading to the Revolt of 1857.
96
# Why was the annexation of Awadh a turning point in Indian history?
If you were an Indian soldier in 1856, how would you react to the annexation of Awadh?
The British claimed they were taking over Awadh to end misrule, but this angered the people. Many from Awadh later joined the Revolt of 1857.
## Footnote
The loss of Awadh deeply impacted Indian soldiers, who saw it as a betrayal, contributing to the outbreak of the Revolt of 1857.
97
Who was the first Governor-General of India?
Warren Hastings (1773–1785).
98
What were the three Presidencies under British rule in India?
Bengal, Madras, and Bombay.
99
What was the main role of the Collector in British India?
to collect revenue and maintain law and order in the district.
100
What was the sepoy army?
The East India Company’s army, made up of Indian soldiers (sepoys).
101
Why did the Company’s army focus more on infantry from the 1820s?
Due to advancements in military technology and warfare in regions like Burma, Afghanistan, and Egypt
102
What impact did European-style military training have on Indian soldiers?
it ignored caste and community feelings, creating social tensions.
103
How did Warren Hastings reform the judicial system in India?
In 1772, he introduced a new system with two courts in each district: a civil court (diwani adalat) presided over by European district collectors and a criminal court (faujdari adalat) under qazis and muftis but supervised by collectors. He also established the Supreme Court under the Regulating Act of 1773.
104
What was the role of the Collector in British India?
The Collector was responsible for collecting revenue, maintaining law and order, and overseeing local administration with the help of judges, police officers, and darogas. The Collectorate became the center of power, replacing traditional rulers.
105
How did the British military strategy change from the 1820s?
As warfare evolved, cavalry became less important, and the British focused on training professional infantry regiments. Muskets and matchlocks became essential weapons, making traditional horse-mounted units obsolete.
106
How did the British establish uniformity in their army in the 19th century?
They introduced European-style training, drills, and discipline, attempting to create a standardized military force. However, this often conflicted with Indian soldiers' caste and religious beliefs.
107
How did the East India Company recruit and train its sepoy army?
The Company adopted the method used by Mughal successor states like Awadh and Banaras, recruiting peasants and training them as professional soldiers. Over time, they implemented strict European-style military training.
108
What was the impact of British military reforms on Indian society?
The strict discipline and uniform training often clashed with traditional caste and community identities, leading to discontent among Indian soldiers. This discontent later played a role in the Revolt of 1857.
109
# What challenges did Indian soldiers face under British military reforms?
Imagine you are an Indian sepoy in the early 19th century. How would you feel about European military discipline?
They had to adopt European drills and training, which often disregarded their caste and religious beliefs, causing social tensions.
## Footnote
Many sepoys resented these changes, which contributed to their anger in the Revolt of 1857.
110
# What was the impact of the Collectorate system on traditional India
You are a zamindar in 18th-century Bengal. How would the role of the British Collector affect you?
The Collectorate replaced local rulers as the center of power, diminishing the authority of zamindars and traditional leaders.
## Footnote
Many zamindars resisted British control, but their power gradually declined.
111
# How did the British attempt to standardize Indian laws under Warren Hast
If you were a judge in a British court in 1775, how would you ensure fairness in applying Indian laws?
Eleven pandits compiled a Hindu law digest, which was translated into English by N.B. Halhed. A Muslim law code was also created for European judges.
## Footnote
Despite these efforts, interpretations of laws still varied, causing legal inconsistencies.
112
# see the answer
jwhdghweq
never gonna give u up
never gonna let down!!!
## Footnote
HAHAHAHA
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