FRQ EXAMPLES

Question 1

Ethnic cleavage

Answer 1

Biafra War - (civil war),
Southeast, Igbo: tried to form own country. (All oil here)
Nigeria: against separation.

• Cause: Rising ethnic tensions/political instability/bad wealth oil distribution.
• Modern movement:
  IPOB (Indigenous ppl of Biafra)
  Restore indpt state of Biafra through non-violent ways.

Question 2

Economic (Oil shell)

Answer 2

Survival of the Ogoni people (MoSOP). Suffered from oil spills etc.
- Political Participation: non-violent protests (wanted environmental justice)
- Civil Liberties: Gov responds (repression/ freedom of speech restriction)

End result: Fail to stop the companies, ignored by gov they favored political alliances/ economic profit over Ogoni people.

Question 3

Boko Haram (terrorist group) (sovereignty critism to gov)

Answer 3

Massacres, kidnappings, murders.
- Northeast Nigeria.

Challenges Legitimacy of the gov: creates insecurity and fear, instability, and showing no state sovereignty (gov unable to control the country, loosing control over citizens and territory.)

Question 4

Religious cleavages

Answer 4

North: Muslim/hausa-fulani
- ISIS connected (Muslim)
South: Christian: Yoruba (southwest) & Igbo(southeast)

ISIS: Terrorist org in Iraq and Syria. Goal for state to be ruled by Islamic law.
- A lot of violence, bombings, executions.

Question 5

ISIS abduction (sovereignty critism to gov)

Answer 5

Chibok schoolgirl abduction in 2014:
Boko Haram: Striked education, especially for women, bc of western education influence. (Women easier to get into).

• 276 girls taken from school, Nigerian gov did not care.
• # BringBackOurGirls: safe return of girls
• Nigerian gov: faced criticism for initial response.

Question 6

Legitimacy examples: Addressing cleavages

Answer 6

-Secular constitution
-1991: Moved capital to middle
-Informal agreements in parties
- Federalism

Question 7

Legitimacy in 1999 & 2015

Answer 7

1999 constitution.
1999 free/fair elections.
2015 Peaceful party transition

Question 8

Legitimacy from secular constitution

Answer 8

Secular constitution: religion and gov separate

Question 9

Legitimacy from 1991 (moving capital)

Answer 9

1991: Moved capital, centerizing it. (promoting National Unity, “safe space” for religions)

Question 10

Legitimacy from (informal agreements)

Answer 10

-Informal agreements in parties, alternate power from north (muslims) to south (christians). Maintaining balance ensuring peace/stabilty.

Question 11

Legitimacy from federalism

Answer 11

Federalism: autonomy to the different ethnicities in the country