Fry Sightwords 8 Flashcards
(100 cards)
row
“series of people or things in a more or less straight line,” Middle English reue, from late Old English reawe, rewe, earlier ræw “a row, line; succession, hedge-row,” probably from Proto-Germanic *rai(h)waz (source also of Middle Dutch rie, Dutch rij “row;” Old High German rihan “to thread,” riga “line;” German Reihe “row, line, series;” Old Norse rega “string”), which is possibly from PIE root *rei- “to scratch, tear, cut” (source also of Sanskrit rikhati “scratches,” rekha “line”).
least
Old English læst, earlier læsest “smallest, lowest in power or position” (superlative of little (adj.)), from Proto-Germanic superlative *laisista-, from PIE root *leis- (2) “small”
catch
c. 1200, “to take, capture,” from Anglo-French or Old North French cachier “catch, capture” animals (Old French chacier “hunt, pursue, drive” animals, Modern French chasser “to hunt”), from Vulgar Latin *captiare “try to seize, chase” (also source of Spanish cazar, Italian cacciare), from Latin captare “to take, hold,” frequentative of capere “to take, hold” (from PIE root *kap- “to grasp”).
climbed
climb + ed
climb = Old English climban “raise oneself using hands and feet; rise gradually, ascend; make an ascent of” (past tense clamb, past participle clumben, clumbe), from West Germanic *klimban “go up by clinging” (source also of Dutch klimmen, Old High German klimban, German klimmen “to climb”).
A strong verb in Old English, weak by 16c. Other Germanic languages long ago dropped the -b. Meaning “to mount as if by climbing” is from mid-14c. Figurative sense of “rise slowly by effort or as if by climbing” is from mid-13c.
wrote
Past tense of write
write =
Old English writan “to score, outline, draw the figure of,” later “to set down in writing, be acquainted with the craft of letters, set forth as an author” (class I strong verb; past tense wrat, past participle writen).
This is from Proto-Germanic *writan “tear, scratch,” which also is the source of Old Frisian writa “to write,” Old Saxon writan “to tear, scratch, write,” Old Norse rita “write, scratch, outline,” Old High German rizan “to write, scratch, tear,” German reißen “to tear, pull, tug, sketch, draw, design”). Outside connections are doubtful.
According to Buck, words for “write” in most Indo-European languages originally mean “carve, scratch, cut” (such as Latin scribere, Greek graphein, glyphein, Sanskrit rikh-); a few originally meant “paint
shouted
shout + ed
shout = c. 1300, shouten, schowten “to call or cry out loudly,” a word of unknown origin; perhaps from the root of shoot (v.) on the notion of “throw the voice out loudly,” or related to Old Norse skuta “a taunt” (compare scout (v.2)); both of which are reconstructed to be from PIE root *skeud- “to shoot, chase, throw.”
shoot =
This is reconstructed to be from Proto-Germanic *skeutanan (source also of Old Saxon skiotan, Old Norse skjota “to shoot with (a weapon); shoot, launch, push, shove quickly,” often said to be from PIE root *skeud- “to shoot, chase, throw,” but Boutkan gives it no IE etymology.
continued
con (com) + tin (tenere) + ed
with/together + holding/stretching + past tense marker
continue = mid-14c., contynuen, “maintain, sustain, preserve;” late 14c., “go forward or onward; persevere in,” from Old French continuer (13c.) and directly from Latin continuare “join together in uninterrupted succession, make or be continuous, do successively one after another,” from continuus “joining, connecting with something; following one after another,” from continere (intransitive) “to be uninterrupted,” literally “to hang together” (see contain).
contain = c. 1300, “restrain (someone), control (oneself), behave (in a certain way),” from Old French contein-, tonic stem of contenir, from Latin continere (transitive) “to hold together, enclose,” from assimilated form of com “with, together” (see con-) + tenere “to hold” (from PIE root *ten- “to stretch”).
tenere is used in the following words:
tenacity
abstinent
content
maintain
obtain
abstention
ten, tin, tain are examples of how tenere presents in English words, meaning to hold or to stretch
itself
late 14c., from Old English hit sylf, from it + self. Since 17c. usually regarded as its self (thus its own self, etc.).
else
Normally used as part of the phrase ‘or else’
Old English elles “in another manner, other, otherwise, besides, different,” from Proto-Germanic *aljaz (source also of Gothic aljis “other,” Old High German eli-lenti, Old English el-lende, both meaning “in a foreign land;” see also Alsace), an adverbial genitive of the neuter of PIE root *al- “beyond” (source also of Greek allos “other,” Latin alius). As a quasi-adjective, synonymous with other, from 1660s; the nuances of usage are often arbitrary.
plains
“level country, expanse of level or nearly level ground,” c. 1300 (in reference to Salisbury Plain), from Old French plain “open countryside,” from Latin planum “level ground, plain,” noun use of neuter of planus (adj.) “flat, even, level” (from PIE root *pele- (2) “flat; to spread”). Latin planum was used for “level ground” but much more common was campus.
gas
1650s, from Dutch gas, probably from Greek khaos “empty space” (see chaos). The sound of Dutch “g” is roughly equivalent to that of Greek “kh.” First used by Flemish chemist J.B. van Helmont (1577-1644), probably influenced by Paracelsus, who used khaos in an occult sense of “proper elements of spirits” or “ultra-rarified water,” which was van Helmont’s definition of gas.
England
Old English Engla land, literally “the land of the Angles” (see English (n.1)), used alongside Angelcynn “the English race,” which, with other forms, shows Anglo-Saxon persistence in thinking in terms of tribes rather than place. By late Old English times both words had come to be used with a clear sense of place, not people; a Dane, Canute, is first to call himself “King of England.” By the 14c. the name was being used in reference to the entire island of Great Britain and to the land of the Celtic Britons before the Anglo-Saxon conquest. The loss of one of the duplicate syllables is a case of haplology.
burning
Burning = Middle English brenning, from Old English, “scorching, hot;” mid-14c. in figurative sense of “powerful, strong, ardent;” present-participle adjective from burn (v.)
burn = early 12c., brennen, “be on fire, be consumed by fire; be inflamed with passion or desire, be ardent; destroy (something) with fire, expose to the action of fire, roast, broil, toast; burn (something) in cooking,” of objects, “to shine, glitter, sparkle, glow like fire;” chiefly from Old Norse brenna “to burn, light,” and also from two originally distinct Old English verbs: bærnan “to kindle” (transitive) and beornan “be on fire” (intransitive).
design
de + sign
out + mark
late 14c., “to make, shape,” ultimately from Latin designare “mark out, point out; devise; choose, designate, appoint,” from de “out” (see de-) + signare “to mark,” from signum “identifying mark, sign” (see sign (n.)).
de- = active word-forming element in English and in many verbs inherited from French and Latin, from Latin de “down, down from, from, off; concerning” (see de), also used as a prefix in Latin, usually meaning “down, off, away, from among, down from,” but also “down to the bottom, totally” hence “completely” (intensive or completive), which is its sense in many English words.
joined
join + ed
c. 1300, “to unite (things) into a whole, combine, put or bring together; juxtapose,” also “unite, be joined” (intrans.), from joign-, stem of Old French joindre “join, connect, unite; have intercourse with” (12c.), from Latin iungere “to join together, unite, yoke,” from nasalized form of PIE root *yeug- “to join.”
foot
“terminal part of the leg of a vertebrate animal,” Old English fot “foot,” from Proto-Germanic *fōts (source also of Old Frisian fot, Old Saxon fot, Old Norse fotr, Danish fod, Swedish fot, Dutch voet, Old High German fuoz, German Fuß, Gothic fotus “foot”), from PIE root *ped- “foot.” Plural form feet is an instance of i-mutation.
law
Old English lagu (plural laga, combining form lah-) “ordinance, rule prescribed by authority, regulation; district governed by the same laws;” also sometimes “right, legal privilege,” from Old Norse *lagu “law,” collective plural of lag “layer, measure, stroke,” literally “something laid down, that which is fixed or set.”
ears
ear + s
ear = “organ of hearing,” Old English eare “ear,” from Proto-Germanic *auzon, from PIE *ous- “ear.”
glass
Old English glæs “glass; a glass vessel,” from Proto-Germanic *glasam “glass” (source also of Old Saxon glas, Middle Dutch and Dutch glas, German Glas, Old Norse gler “glass, looking glass,” Danish glar), from PIE root *ghel- (2) “to shine,” with derivatives denoting bright colors or materials. The PIE root also is the ancestor of widespread words for gray, blue, green, and yellow, such as Old English glær “amber,” Latin glaesum “amber” (which might be from Germanic), Old Irish glass “green, blue, gray,” Welsh glas “blue.”
you’re
you + are
you = from Proto-Germanic *juz-, *iwwiz (source also of Old Norse yor, Old Saxon iu, Old Frisian iuwe, Middle Dutch, Dutch u, Old High German iu, iuwih, German euch), from PIE *yu, second person (plural) pronoun.
are = present plural indicative of be (q.v.), from Old English earun (Mercian), aron (Northumbrian), from Proto-Germanic *ar-, probably a variant of PIE *es- “to be” (see am)
am = first-person singular present indicative of be (q.v.); Old English eom “to be, to remain,” (Mercian eam, Northumbrian am), from Proto-Germanic *izm(i)-, from PIE *esmi- (source also of Old Norse emi, Gothic im, Hittite esmi, Old Church Slavonic jesmi, Lithuanian esmi), first-person singular form of the root *es- “to be.”
grew
grew = past tense of grow (v.), from Old English greow, past tense of growan.
Middle English grouen, from Old English growan (of plants) “to flourish, increase, develop, get bigger” (class VII strong verb; past tense greow, past participle growen), from Proto-Germanic *gro-, from PIE root *ghre- “to grow, become green” (see grass).
skin
c. 1200, “animal hide” (usually dressed and tanned), from Old Norse skinn “animal hide, fur,” from Proto-Germanic *skinth- (source also of rare Old English scinn, Old High German scinten, German schinden “to flay, skin;” German dialectal schind “skin of a fruit,” Flemish schinde “bark”), from PIE *sken- “to peel off, flay” (source also of Breton scant “scale of a fish,” Irish scainim “I tear, I burst”), extended form of root *sek- “to cut.”
valley
c. 1300, valei, “relatively low and somewhat level land between or surrounded by higher elevations,” from Anglo-French valey, Old French valee “a valley” (12c.), from Latin vallis “valley,” a word of unknown origin. Often the basin of a stream, hence generally “region near or drained by a river.”
cents
cent + s
100 + plural marker
