fsrh Flashcards

1
Q

When can contraception after childbirth be initiated?

A

21 days

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2
Q

What is the earliest a IUC/Implant can be inserted after childbirth?

A

Women should be advised that intrauterine contraception (IUC) and progestogen-only
implant (IMP) can be inserted immediately after delivery.

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3
Q

How long should a woman wait before trying to conceive again?

A

Women should be advised that an interpregnancy interval (IPI) of less than 12 months
between childbirth and conceiving again is associated with an increased risk of preterm
birth, low birthweight and small for gestational age (SGA) babies

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4
Q

Which methods of contraception are safe to use after childbirth?

A

Women should be advised that although contraception is not required in the first 21 days
after childbirth, most methods can be safely initiated immediately, with the exception of
combined hormonal contraception (CHC).

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5
Q

Can women who develop medical problems during pregnancy safely use contraception
after childbirth?

A

Clinicians should discuss with the woman any personal characteristics or existing
medical conditions, including those that have developed during pregnancy, which may
affect her medical eligibility for contraceptive use.

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6
Q

Is emergency contraception (EC) safe to use after childbirth?

A
Emergency contraception (EC) is indicated for women who have had unprotected sexual
intercourse (UPSI) from 21 days after childbirth, but is not required before this
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7
Q

Is (LNG/UP- EC) safe to use after childbirth?

A

Oral EC levonorgestrel 1.5 mg (LNG-EC) and ulipristal acetate 30 mg (UPA-EC) are safe
to use from 21 days after childbirth. The copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) is safe to
use for EC from 28 days after childbirth.

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8
Q

Is teh copper coil as emergency contraception (EC) safe to use after childbirth?

A

The copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) is safe to

use for EC from 28 days after childbirth.

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9
Q

Does LNG-EC effect breastfeeding?

A

Women who breastfeed should be informed that available limited evidence indicates that
LNG-EC has no adverse effects on breastfeeding or on their infants.

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10
Q

Does UPA/EC effect breastfeeding?

A

Women who breastfeed should be advised not to breastfeed and to express and discard
milk for a week after they have taken UPA-EC

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11
Q

Is additional contraception required after initiation of a method after childbirth?

A

Women should be advised that additional contraceptive precautions (e.g. barrier
method/abstinence) are required if hormonal contraception is started 21 days or more
after childbirth. Additional contraceptive precaution is not required if contraception is
initiated immediately or within 21 days after childbirth.

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12
Q

Does initiation of hormonal contraceptives affect breastfeeding outcomes or infant
outcomes?

A

A
Women who are breastfeeding should be informed that the available evidence indicates
that progestogen-only methods of contraception (LNG-IUS, IMP, POI and POP) have no
adverse effects on lactation, infant growth or development.
B
Women who are breastfeeding should wait until 6 weeks after childbirth before initiating a
CHC method.
B
Women who are breastfeeding should be informed that there is currently limited
evidence regarding the effects of CHC use on breastfeeding. However, the better quality
studies of early initiation of CHC found no adverse effects on either breastfeeding
performance (duration of breastfeeding, exclusivity and timing of initiation of
supplemental feeding) or on infant outcomes (growth, health and development)

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13
Q

Can women who breastfeed effectively use lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM) as
contraception?

A

Women may be advised that, if they are less than 6 months postpartum, amenorrhoeic
and fully breastfeeding, the lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM) is a highly effective
method of contraception.

Women using LAM should be advised that the risk of pregnancy is increased if the
frequency of breastfeeding decreases (e.g. through stopping night feeds, starting or
increasing supplementary feeding, use of dummies/pacifiers, expressing milk), when
menstruation returns or when more than 6 months after childbirth.

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14
Q

When can IUC be inserted after childbirth?

A

IUC can be safely inserted immediately after birth (within 10 minutes of delivery of the

placenta) or within the first 48 hours after uncomplicated caesarean section or vaginal
birth. After 48 hours, insertion should be delayed until 28 days after childbirth.

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15
Q

When can IMP be started after childbirth?

A

IMP can be safely started at any time after childbirth including immediately after delivery.

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16
Q

When can POP be started after childbirth?

A

POP can be started at any time after childbirth, including immediately after delivery

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17
Q

When can POI (depot) be started after childbirth?

A

POI can be started at any time after childbirth, including immediately after delivery

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18
Q

When can COCP be started after childbirth?

A

All women should undergo a risk assessment for VTE postnatally. CHC should not be
used by women who have risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) within
6 weeks of childbirth. These include immobility, transfusion at delivery, body mass index
(BMI) ≥30 kg/m2
, postpartum haemorrhage, post-caesarean delivery, pre-eclampsia or
smoking. This applies to both women who are breastfeeding and not breastfeeding.

Women who are not breastfeeding and are without additional risk factors for VTE should
wait until 21 days after childbirth before initiating a CHC method.

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19
Q

When should consent for sterilisation at caeserian be gained?

A

Clinicians should ensure that written consent to be sterilised at caesarean section is
obtained and documented at least 2 weeks in advance of a planned elective caesarean
section.

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20
Q

When can a woman start using a diaphram after childbirth?

A

Women choosing to use a diaphragm should be advised to wait at least 6 weeks after
childbirth before having it fitted because the size of diaphragm required may change as
the uterus returns to normal size.

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21
Q

Why is the Fertility awareness method problematic after childbirth?

A

Fertility awareness methods (FAM) can be used by women after childbirth. However,
women should be advised that because FAM relies on the detection of the signs and
symptoms of fertility and ovulation, its use may be difficult after childbirth and during
breastfeeding.

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22
Q

When can contraception be initiated after abortion?

A

A woman’s chosen method of contraception should be initiated immediately after
abortion (medical and surgical).

Clinicians should be aware that insertion of intrauterine contraception (IUC) at the time of
abortion is convenient and highly acceptable to women. This has been associated with
high continuation rates and a reduced risk for another unintended pregnancy than when
provision of IUC is delayed.

Clinicians should be aware that insertion of progestogen-only implants (IMP) at the time
of abortion is convenient and highly acceptable to women. This has been associated
with high continuation rates and a reduced risk for another unintended pregnancy than
when provision of IMP is delayed

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23
Q

Which method of contraception may not be safe after an abortion?

A

IUC should not be inserted in the presence of postabortion sepsis.

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24
Q

Is emergency contraception (EC) safe to use after abortion?

A


Emergency contraception (EC) is indicated for women who have had unprotected sexual
intercourse (UPSI) from 5 days after abortion.

Women should be advised that any method of EC can be safely used after an
uncomplicated abortion.

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25
Q

Is additional contraception required after initiation of a method after abortion?

A

Women should be advised that additional contraceptive precautions (e.g. barrier
methods/abstinence) are required if hormonal contraception is started 5 days or more
after abortion. Additional contraceptive precaution is not required if contraception is
initiated immediately or within 5 days of abortion.

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26
Q

Problem with the depot post-abortion?

A

Women should be advised that there may be a slightly higher risk of continuing
pregnancy (failed abortion) if DMPA is initiated at the time of mifepristone administration.

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27
Q

When can combined pill be started after an abortion

A

Combined hormonal contraception (CHC) can be safely started immediately at any time
after abortion.

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28
Q

How long should a woman wait before trying to conceive again after ectopic pregnancy or
miscarriage?

A

Women who wish to conceive after miscarriage can be advised there is no need to delay
as pregnancy outcomes after miscarriage are more favourable when conception occurs
within 6 months of miscarriage compared with after 6 months.
D
Women who have been treated with methotrexate should be advised that effective
contraception is recommended during and for at least 3 months after treatment in view of
the teratogenic effects of this medication.

Women should be advised that effective contraception can be started on the day of
methotrexate administration or surgical management of ectopic pregnancy.

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29
Q

Is emergency contraception (EC) safe to use after ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage?

A

Emergency contraception (EC) is indicated if unprotected sexual intercourse (UPSI)
takes place more than 5 days after methotrexate administration or surgical treatment of
ectopic pregnancy.

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30
Q

Is additional contraception required after initiation of a method after ectopic pregnancy or
miscarriage?

A

Women should be advised that additional contraceptive precautions (e.g. barrier
methods/abstinence) are required if hormonal contraception is started 5 days or more
after miscarriage. Additional contraceptive precaution is not required if contraception is
initiated immediately or within 5 days of miscarriage.

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31
Q

What are the implications of recurrent miscarriage on contraceptive choice?

A

Women who have had recurrent early miscarriage (REM) should be investigated for any
underlying causes. However, investigations should not lead to a delay in initiation of a
contraceptive method if the woman does not wish to become pregnant.
D
Combined hormonal contraception (CHC) should be avoided by women with REM until
antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has been excluded.

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32
Q

Is there any contraceptive method associated with a risk of another ectopic pregnancy?

A

Women should be advised that the absolute risk of ectopic pregnancy when
contraception is used is extremely small and that the risk of pregnancy is lowest with
LARC.

Women should be advised to seek medical advice if they suspect they may be pregnant
and have symptoms suggestive of ectopic pregnancy, even while using contraception.

Women who have had an ectopic pregnancy should be advised that the IUC is one of
the most effective methods of contraception and so the absolute risk of any pregnancy
including ectopic pregnancy is extremely low.

Women should be informed that if pregnancy occurs with an IUC in situ, there is an
increased risk of ectopic pregnancy and therefore the location of the pregnancy should
be confirmed by ultrasound as soon as possible.

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33
Q

Are fertility and pregnancy outcomes affected after GTD?

A

Clinicians should reassure women with GTD that fertility and pregnancy outcomes are
favourable after GTD, including after chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic
neoplasia (GTN). However, there is an increased risk of GTD in subsequent pregnancy

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34
Q

How long should a woman wait after GTD before trying to conceive?

A

D
After complete molar pregnancy, women should be advised to avoid subsequent
pregnancy for at least 6 months to allow human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
monitoring for ongoing GTD.
D
After partial molar pregnancy, women should be advised to avoid pregnancy until two
consecutive monthly hCG levels are normal.
D
Women who have had chemotherapy for GTD should be advised to avoid pregnancy for
1 year after treatment is complete.

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35
Q

When can an IUC be inserted after GTD?

A

IUC should not be inserted in women with persistently elevated hCG levels or malignant
disease.
D
IUC should not normally be inserted until hCG levels have normalised but may be
considered on specialist advice with insertion in a specialist setting for women with
decreasing hCG levels following discussion with a GTD centre.

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36
Q

Is emergency contraception (EC) safe to use after GTD?

A


Emergency contraception (EC) is indicated if unprotected sexual intercourse (UPSI)
takes place from 5 days after treatment for GTD.
D
Women should be advised that use of oral EC is safe after treatment for GTD. Insertion
of copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) for EC may be considered in a specialist setting
for women with decreasing hCG levels following discussion with a GTD centre.

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37
Q

Is additional contraception required after initiation of a method after GTD?

A

Women should be advised that additional contraceptive precautions (e.g. barrier
methods/abstinence) are required if hormonal contraception is started 5 days or more
after treatment for GTD. Additional contraceptive precaution is not required if
contraception is initiated immediately or within 5 days of treatment for GTD.

38
Q

UCMEC 1 means?

A

No restriction

39
Q

UCMEC 4 means

A

Absolutely no

40
Q

conditions of pregnancy affecting ucmec for chc

A

cholestasis
hypertension
gestational diabetes

41
Q

Health benefits of Cu-coil

A

Use of a Cu-IUD may be associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer and
cervical cance

42
Q

LNG-IUS health benefits?

A

he 52 mg LNG-IUS may reduce pain associated with primary dysmenorrhoea,
endometriosis or adenomyosis.
The 52 mg LNG-IUS is effective in reducing menstrual blood loss and can be used in the
management of heavy menstrual bleeding.
Women considering the LNG-IUS can be informed that systemic absorption of
progestogen occurs with these devices. The 13.5 and 52 mg LNG-IUS have similar sideeffect profiles (such as acne, breast tenderness/pain and headache) and hormonal
side effects often settle with time. Rates of discontinuation due to side effects are not
significantly different from Cu-IUD users.

43
Q

Risk of expulsion of IUC

A

1/20

44
Q

Rate of perforation in IUC

A

The rate of uterine perforation associated with IUC is up to 2 per 1000 insertions and is
approximately six-fold higher in breastfeeding women.

45
Q

IS coil removal indciated for actinomycis or PID?

A

Insertion or reinsertion of an intrauterine method can be carried out in asymptomatic
women with actinomyces-like organisms (ALOs).
There is no need to remove IUC in asymptomatic women with ALOs.
IUC removal is not routinely required in women with pelvic inflammatory disease but it
should be removed if there is no response to treatment (approximately 72 hours).

46
Q

Do mooncups and tampons make expulsion of coils more likely?

A

Mooncups and tampons do not appear to be associated with an increased risk of IUC
expulsion.

47
Q

When can CHC be started in new patient?

A

CHC containing ethinylestradiol (EE) can be started by medically eligible women up
to and including Day 5 of a natural menstrual cycle without the need for additional
contraceptive protection.

CHC containing EE can be quick started by medically eligible women at any other
time (with advice to use additional contraceptive precaution for 7 days) if:
► It is reasonably certain that the woman is not pregnant
OR
► A high sensitivity urine pregnancy test is negative (even if there is a risk of
pregnancy from unprotected sexual intercourse [UPSI] in the last 21 days). A
follow up high sensitivity urine pregnancy test is required 21 days after the
last UPSI.

48
Q

Is contraceptive effectiveness of CHC affected by obesity/weight?

A

Most evidence suggests no association between weight/body mass index (BMI)
and effectiveness of combined oral contraceptives (COC).

Limited evidence suggests a possible reduction in patch effectiveness in women
≥90 kg.

49
Q

Is contraceptive effectiveness of CHC affected by bariatric surgery?

A

Women who have had bariatric surgery should be advised that the effectiveness of
COC could be reduced.

50
Q

CHC and lamotragine

A

Women taking lamotrigine should be advised that CHC may interact with
lamotrigine; this could result in reduced seizure control or lamotrigine toxicity.
The risks of using CHC could outweigh the benefits.

51
Q

Are additional precautions in chc users required for all antibiotics

A

Additional contraceptive precautions are not required when antibiotics that do not
induce enzymes are used in conjunction with CHCs.

52
Q

Emergency contraception and chc?

A

Women should be advised to wait 5 days after taking ulipristal acetate for emergency
contraception (UPA-EC) before starting CHC. Women should be made aware that
they must use condoms reliably or abstain from sex during the 5 days waiting and
then until their contraceptive method is effective.

53
Q

non contraceptive uses of chc

A

ü Use of CHC for contraception may also be associated with non-contraceptive
health benefits
B Use of CHC can reduce heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and menstrual pain and
improve acne.
C Use of CHC may be beneficial for women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
symptoms.
A Use of CHC (particularly continuous CHC regimens) can reduce risk of recurrence
of endometriosis after surgical management.
B CHC can be used for management of acne, hirsutism and menstrual irregularities
associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
C
CHC use is associated with a significant reduction in risk of endometrial and ovarian
cancer that increases with duration of CHC use and persists for many years after
stopping CHC.
C Use of CHC is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer.

54
Q

Health risks of CHC

A

VTE
Breast cancer
Cervical cancer

C Women should be advised that current use of CHC is associated with a small
increased risk of breast cancer which reduces with time after stopping CHC.
Cervical cancer
Clinical recommendation
C
Women should be advised that current use of CHC for more than 5 years is
associated with a small increased risk of cervical cancer; risk reduces over time
after stopping CHC and is no longer increased by about 10 years after stopping.

55
Q

CHC and surgery

A

Women should be advised to stop CHC and to switch to an alternative contraceptive
method at least 4 weeks prior to planned major surgery or expected period of limited
mobility.

56
Q

How long can women use the CHC

A

50

57
Q

POP and enzyme inducers

A

POP users taking enzyme-inducing drugs should be advised to switch to the
progestogen-only injectable or intrauterine contraception. For short durations of
enzyme-inducing treatment (<2 months) women can continue the POP providing they
use additional precautions during treatment and for 28 days afterwards. Women wishing
to start the POP after stopping enzyme-inducing drugs should be advised to use
condoms until 28 days after the last dose of enzyme-inducing drug.

58
Q

If you vomit on POP

A

If a woman vomits within 2 hours of pill taking, another pill should be taken as soon as
possible. If the subsequent pill is missed, additional precautions are required until 48
hours after pill taking has been resumed.

59
Q

Breast cancer risk or CVA risk and POP?

A

Evidence seems unlikely

60
Q

POP can be used for how long?

A

55, or 50 with FSH testing

61
Q

Depot and cancer?

A

endometrial and ovarian seems to offer some protection. Small increased risk with breast/cervical cancer.

62
Q

Late depot rules?

A

An injection of DMPA can be administered up to 7 days late (up to 14 weeks after the
last injection) without the need for additional contraceptive precautions (outside the
product licence for IM DMPA).

63
Q

Bleeding on depot, treatment?

A

Women with unscheduled bleeding during use of a progestogen-only injectable
contraceptive can be offered 500 mg mefenamic acid up to three times daily for 5
days.

64
Q

Enzyme inducers and implant?

A

Concomitant use of enzyme-inducing drugs may reduce the efficacy of the
progestogen-only implant. Women should be advised to switch to a method
unaffected by enzyme-inducing drugs or to use additional contraception until 28 days
after stopping the treatment.

65
Q

Problematic bleeding on implant use?

A

Combined pill for 3 months off licence. outside of this studies are limited down to clinical judgement.

66
Q

When is emergency contraception (EC) indicated?

A

Women who do not wish to conceive should be offered EC after unprotected
sexual intercourse (UPSI) that has taken place on any day of a natural menstrual
cycle.

Women who do not wish to conceive should be offered EC after:
 UPSI from Day 21 after childbirth (unless the criteria for lactational
amenorrhoea are met).
 UPSI from Day 5 after abortion, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy or uterine
evacuation for gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).

Women who do not wish to conceive should be offered EC after UPSI if their
regular contraception has been compromised or has been used incorrectly

67
Q

How effective are the different methods of EC?

A

EC providers should advise women that the Cu-IUD is the most effective method
of EC.

EC providers should advise women that ulipristal acetate EC (UPA-EC) has been
demonstrated to be effective for EC up to 120 hours after UPSI.

EC providers should advise women that levonorgestrel EC (LNG-EC) is licensed
for EC up to 72 hours after UPSI. The evidence suggests that LNG-EC is
ineffective if taken more than 96 hours after UPSI.

68
Q

Can oral EC be used if there has also been UPSI earlier in the cycle?

A

EC providers can offer a woman UPA-EC or LNG-EC if she has had UPSI earlier in
the same cycle as well as within the last 5 days, as evidence suggests that
UPA-EC and LNG-EC do not disrupt an existing pregnancy and are not associated
with fetal abnormality.

69
Q

Currently <120 hours

since last UPSI? YES

A

IUC/EC

70
Q

Currently <120 hours
since last UPSI?

<5 days after earliest date of ovulation?

A

Pregnancy test - oral Emergency contraception likely to be ineffective. Quick start contraception.

71
Q

When can pregnancy be excluded after UPSI with a urine test

A

Pregnancy cannot be excluded by an HSUP until ≥21 days after the last UPSI.

72
Q

What can you quick start?

A

Combined hormonal contraception (CHC), progestogen-only pill (POP) and
progestogen-only implant (IMP) can be quick started if they prefer not to delay
starting contraception. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) may be
considered if other methods are not suitable or acceptable.
 The levonorgestrel intrauterine system should not generally be quick started
unless pregnancy can be reasonably excluded.
 CHC containing cyproterone acetate should not be quick started unless pregnancy
can be reasonably excluded.
 A copper intrauterine device can be quick started only if the indications for use as
EC are met.

73
Q

When can you quick start?

A

After levonorgestrel EC (LNG-EC) administration, CHC, POP, IMP (and DMPA) can
be quick started immediately.
D After ulipristal acetate EC (UPA-EC) administration, they should wait 5 days before
quick starting suitable hormonal contraception [CHC, POP, IMP (and DMPA)].

74
Q

Pregnancy diagnosed after quick starting contraception?

A

The guideline development group advises that women should be informed that
contraceptive hormones are not thought to cause harm to the fetus and they
should not be advised to terminate pregnancy on the grounds of exposure.

75
Q

Criteria for reasonably excluding pregnancy

A

Healthcare practitioners can be reasonably certain that a woman is not currently pregnant if any one or more of the following criteria are met and there are no symptoms or signs of
pregnancy:

She has not had intercourse since the start of her last normal (natural) menstrual period,
since childbirth, abortion, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy or uterine evacuation for
gestational trophoblastic disease.

She has been correctly and consistently using a reliable method of contraception. (For the
purposes of being reasonably certain that a woman is not currently pregnant, barrier
methods of contraception can be considered reliable providing that they have been used
consistently and correctly for every episode of intercourse.)

She is within the first 5 days of the onset of a normal (natural) menstrual period.

She is less than 21 days postpartum (non-breastfeeding women).

She is fully breastfeeding, amenorrhoeic AND less than 6 months postpartum.

She is within the first 5 days after abortion, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy or uterine evacuation for gestational trophoblastic disease.

She has not had intercourse for >21 days AND has a negative high-sensitivity urinepregnancy test (able to detect hCG levels around 20 mIU/ml).

76
Q

Additional contraception: Cycle 1-5 COCP

A

none (except zoely and qlaira)

77
Q

Additional contraception COCP after day 5

A

7 days

78
Q

Additional contraception POP day 1-5

A

none

79
Q

Additional contraception POP after day 5

A

2 days

80
Q

Additional contraception Depot day 1-5

A

none

81
Q

Additional contraception Depot after day 6

A

7 days

82
Q

Additional contraception IUS days 1-7

A

none

83
Q

Additional contraception IUS after day 8

A

7 days

84
Q

Additional contraception IUD?

A

Nevah

85
Q

Additional contraception what is defined as Day 1?

A

*Day 1 is defined as the first day of natural menstrual bleeding; it does not apply to withdrawal or unscheduled
bleeding in women already established on hormonal contraception.

86
Q

Do patients with an ED need LARC?

A

Sexually active women of reproductive age with eating disorders require effective contraception
despite the fact that amenorrhoea and anovulation are common in this population.

87
Q

Menopause clnical diagnose if?

A

Amenorhea for 1 year

88
Q

Can HRT be used as a form of contraception

A

Women using sequential HRT should be advised not to rely on this for
contraception.
D
Women may use a Mirena 52 mg LNG-IUS with estrogen for up to
5 years for endometrial protection as part of an HRT regimen. Women
using Mirena for this purpose must have the device changed every 5 years.

89
Q

What tests are indicated for problematic bleeding in hormonal contraception?

A

Chlymidia/ghonorrhea
pregnancy

speculum IF greater than 3 months since starting

cervical biopsy if greater than 45

u/s considered

90
Q

For women on COC with problmeatic bleeding

A

Increase EE dose

91
Q

mefenamic acid only really indicated for which type of bleeding

A

while on depot

92
Q

For women on POP/Implant with bleeding

A

trial of coc