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FTM 1 Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 major classes of membrane lipids?

A

phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids

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2
Q

What are the 2 major classes of membrane proteins?

A

Integral membrane and peripheral membrane

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3
Q

What is the most abundant membrane lipid

A

phospholipids

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4
Q

Where is cholesterol located in membrane lipids and what does it do

A

intercalates between phospholipids and affects membrane fluidity in temperature dependent manner

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5
Q

What anchors integral membrane proteins

A

alpha helix, lipid chain, oligosaccharide linker

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6
Q

What kind of bond does peripheral membrane proteins use

A

noncovalent

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7
Q

What are the integral membrane proteins?

A 
Pumps/carriers and transporters
Channels (aquaporins and gap junctions)
Receptors
Linkers
Enzymes
Structural proteins
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8
Q

What is the glycocalyx composed of and what does it do?

A

Composed of: carbohydrate rich zone on cell surface (glycolipids, glycoproteins and proteoglycans)
Helps establish microenvironment at cell surface

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9
Q

What is it called when a substance exits the cell by fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane

A

exocytosis

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10
Q

What is it called when substance enters the cell by a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

A

endocytosis

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis

A
  1. Receptor mediated
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Phagocytosis
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12
Q

What types of endocytosis are clathrin dependent

A

Clathrin dependent= receptor mediated

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13
Q

What types of endocytosis are Clathrin Independent

A

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

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14
Q

What type of endocytosis is actin dependent

A

phagocytosis

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15
Q

What are the examples of receptor recycled ligand degraded receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • low density lipoprotein receptor
  • insulin glucose transporter receptor
  • other peptide hormones and their receptors
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16
Q

What are the examples of receptor and ligand recycled receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • iron, transferrin and transferrin receptor

- major histocompatibility complex I and II

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17
Q

What are the examples of receptor ligand degraded receptor mediated endocytosis

A

-epidermal growth factor and receptor

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18
Q

What are the examples of receptor and ligand transcytosis receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • secretion of immunoglobulin (secretory IgA) into saliva

- secretion of maternal IgG into milk

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19
Q

What are membrane enclosed structure associated with the endocytotic pathway

A

endosomes

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20
Q

What matures into the lysosome

A

late endosomes

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21
Q

What is an example of lysosomal storage disease

A

Tay Sachs Disease

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22
Q

What is the deficiency in Tay Sachs and what does it result in

A

Deficiency of HEXA

Results in the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside

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23
Q

What are the 5 lysosomal storage diseases

A 
Hurler syndrome (MPS1)
Pompe
Tay-Sachs
Gaucher
I-cell disease
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24
Q

What is the faulty enzyme, accumulating product and main organ affected with Hurler syndrome (MPS1)

A

Faulty enzyme = alpha-L-iduronidase
Accumulating product = dermatan sulphate
Main organ = skeleton and nervous system

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25
What is the faulty enzyme, accumulating product and main organ affected with Pompe
Faulty enzyme = alpha-1,4-Glucosidase Accumulating product = Glycogen Main organ = skeleton and nervous system
26
What is the faulty enzyme, accumulating product and main organ affected with Tay-Sachs
Faulty enzyme = B-hexosaminidase Accumulating product = GM2 ganglioside Main organ = Nervous system
27
What is the faulty enzyme, accumulating product and main organ affected with Gaucher
Faulty enzyme = Glucocerebrosidase Accumulating product = glucosylceramide Main organ = Liver and spleen
28
What is the faulty enzyme, accumulating product and main organ affected with I-Cell disease
Faulty enzyme = Phosphotransferase of M6P formation Accumulating product = Lysosomal hydrolyses are absent Main organ = Skeletal and nervous system
29
What are the pathways to lysosomal digestion
1. Phagocytosis 2. Endocytosis 3. Autophagy
30
What lysosomal digestion pathway has a clinical correlation to essential role in starvation, cellular differentiation, cell death and cell aging
Autophagy
31
What structure of a cell has lamin A mutation in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome and other laminopathies
nuclear lamina
32
What structure in a cell allows transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Nuclear Pore complex (NPC)
33
What is the site for ribosome production
nucleolus
34
What is less condensed chromatin, more transcriptionally active and light staining
euchromatin
35
What is dense staining, highly condensed chromatin and less transcriptionally active
heterochromatin
36
What is the fundamental structural unit of chromatin
nucleosome
37
What has centric heterochromatin, persists throughout interphase, constricted region that holds sister chromatids together and also the site of kinetochore formation
centromere
38
What is at the end of chromosomes, repeated sequences that allow the ends of the chromosome to be replicated
telomere
39
What has telomerase enzyme and cancer and aging
telomere
40
What is the location where DNA replication begins
replication origin
41
What has functions in synthesis of lipids and detoxification
Smooth ER
42
What has functions in synthesis of proteins destined for plasma membrane and lysosomes or secretion
rough ER
43
What is the abundant cells specialized in protein synthesis, secretory cells producing proteins for extracellular export
RER
44
What has initial post translational modifications and folding sites
RER
45
What has ER stress and unfolded protein response in clinical correlation
RER
46
What has abundant cells specialized in lipid metabolism
smooth ER
47
What has well developed in cells that synthesize and secrete steroids
SER
48
What plays a major role in detoxification (cytochrome P450)
SER
49
What functions to sequester calcium
SER
50
In the golgi apparatus what type of secretory cells secrete digestive enzymes
pancreatic acinar cells
51
In the golgi apparatus what type of secretory cells secrete antibodies
plasma cells
52
What are the two mediated bidirectional traffic between the ER and the golgi
COP-I and COP-II
53
What is retrograde transport from CGN back to rER
COP-I
54
What is anterograde transport, carry newly synthesized proteins from rER to CGN
COP-II
55
What are the functions of golgi
1. post translational modification 2. Sorting 3. packaging
56
What are the post translational modification substances in the golgi
1. glycosylation 2. sulfation 3. phosphorylation 4. proteolysis
57
What are the types of vesicular trafficking
1. Constitutive secretory pathway 2. regulated secretory pathway 3. lysosomal pathway
58
What are the digestive organelles that function in the controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules
lysosomes
59
What has 2 membranes and 2 compartments, primary function is to generate ATP (TCA, Ox phos, B-oxidation)
mitochondria
60
What are the mitochondrial diseases
MERRF and leber hereditary optic neuropathy
61
What plays an important role in fat metabolism, abundant class of phospholipids in myelin, free ribosomes.
Peroxisomes
62
What is an example of peroxisomal disease
Zellweger syndrome
63
What is specialized to compartmentalize and degrade toxic reactive oxygen molecules, contains catalase and others, detoxification of ingested alcohol
peroxisomes

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