Fuck Brainscape, this is the real one Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
black market
A
illegal community of traders and merchants who move looted and stolen antiquities
2
Q
repatriation
A
Demanding back an artifact that was taken from its country of origin
3
Q
archeotourism
A
Archeology bringing more tourists than people who are interested in preserving or studying them
4
Q
pseudoarchaeologist
A
non-certified or fraudelent archaeologists who incorrectly or do not use the scientific method to support their claims
5
Q
pop/public archaeology
A
opening up archaeology to the lay people and for entertainment; opening up sites and sharing of knowledge, contraversial
6
Q
biological anthropology
A
the study of human origins through genetics and evolution and biology
7
Q
theory
A
a well substantiated explanation of certain natural phenomena. Repeatedly tested through scientifc method and experiments
8
Q
Last Common Ancestor
A
Ancestor from which we diverged from a different species. Last common ancestor of humans from other apes is 18 million years ago
9
Q
paleoanthropology
A
the study of human origins and ancestors through the analysis of human remains
10
Q
Andeans and sherpas
A
high altitude populations have genetically adapted to their environment. Andeans and Tibetan sherpas cary genes that allows them larger lungs and higher blood oxygen saturation.
11
Q
anthropology
A
study of humanity from its origins to it current cultural diversity today
12
Q
societies
A
populations of people living in organized groups with social institutions and expectations of behavior
13
Q
culture
A
the complex whole which includes belief, art, laws, morals, and customs
14
Q
symbolic culture
A
ideas that people hold about themselves others and the world
15
Q
worldview
A
an all encompassing perspective a person has about the way the world works and it affects their beliefs about everything
16
Q
material culture
A
physical objects representative of the culture
17
Q
culture shock
A
disoriented feeling and alienating feeling when a person experiences wildly different social norms
18
Q
comparative perspective
A
comparing cultures from around the world and documenting cultural universals and cultural uniquensss.
19
Q
evolutionism/social darwinism
A
debunked. Human differences can be accounted for by different rates of progress. The superior in society would triumph
20
Q
empiricism
A
theories must be based on direct interaction, observation, and objective description.
21
Q
functionalism
A
cultural traits have social functions that allow for smooth functioning of society
22
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materialists
A
the factors of cultural diversity are environment, technology, and means of producing food.
23
Q
cultural ecology
A
environment affects culture
24
Q
cultural materialism
A
economics affects culture
25
structuralism
cultural diversity can be explained by the myths and overarching structures from when the society was founded. Heavy emphasis on myths and narratives
26
interpretive perspective
Heavy emphasis on meanings and symbolisms that explains cultural diversity is the result of the complex web of connections and meanings found within the society.
27
conflict perspectives
focuses on how conflict shapes society and identities
28
reflexive perspectives
term to desctribe when anthropologists debate the nature of anthropological research
29
cultural knowledge
information that enables a person to be a functioning member of society. Allows people to contribute
30
Important Examples of Cultural Knowledge
Sami (Norway) -Raise reindeer, shelter in the snow, gather food during the winter, how to negotiate with the modern state of Norway
Tuareg(Sahara)-How to navigate the Sahara, how to barter with traders in the ports, raise camels, avoid landmines from previous wars, how to negotiate with the government
31
cultural models
ideal cultural worldview within a society that is reinforced by social norms
32
hegemony
the dominant worldview or ideology within a society. Considered the norm
33
subculture
Group whose members identify their way of life as being different than the hegemonic view
34
enculturation
the process of learning one's culture through informal observation and formal instruction
35
taboo
prohibition against something that is either too dangerous or too sacred for an ordinary person to interact with
36
cultural adaptation
when people adapt to their environments and adaptations. Some adaptations are maladaptive, like Kuru and their cannibalism + getting mad cow disease
37
cultural integration
the tendency for people's beliefs and practices to form a cohesive/coherent system
38
semiotics
the study of symbols and signs
39
naturalized concepts
beliefs and attitudes that are so embedded that they are hardly questioned and seen as natural
40
culture war
disagreements within two groups in the same society on how things ought to be
41
countercultural movement
an alternative to the prevailing cultural model. These movements argue against the hegemony and advocates for change
42
cultural contact
direct interaction between peoples of different cultures through migration, trade, globalization, invasion, trade, etc.
43
syncretism
process of creating a new cultural product from taking a piece from another culture and integrating it with their own
44
assimilation
when a minority group is accepted into the hegemonic population and the minority group willingly accepts the values, norms, and behaviors of the hegemonic group
45
acculturation
process by which a minority group of people adjusts with living in a society with a culture different than their own but keeps their own cultural identity
46
cultural pluralism aka multiculturalism
the viewpoint that distinct cultures can exist separately and harmoniously while sharing equally in social and economic life
47
cultural evolution
believed that primitive cultures evolved into more advanced cultures
48
cultural history
ongoing cultural change in which people adapt to their environment
49
ethnogenesis
the ongoing process by which people develop, direct. and define their own cultural practices and identities
50
inventions
new technologies and systems of knowledge
51
innovation
process by which new tech or systems of knowledge are built on
52
revolution
the process of changing culture and the social order via overturning norms and installing a new system
53
diffusion
the spread of ideas and objects through contact from other cultures
54
L=language
communication that involves symbols, displacement, and productivity.
55
describe symbols, displacement, and productivity
symbol- relating certain sounds with meanings
displacement- the ability to communicate about something that is not happening right now
productivity - the ability to combine and create words and sounds into various endless combinations
56
emblems
gestures that are substituted for spoken words
57
semantics
study of meaning behind languages
58
ethnosemantics
the study of culture through the people's use of language and meaning conveyance; how they categorize and clarify people, objects, ideas and etc.
59
intercultural communication
the process of transferring meaning to and from people of different languages and/or cultures
60
cultural presuppositions
the shared knowledge and implicit assumptions that members of a society adhere to
61
gendered terminology
when otherwise arbitrary words denote a gender like masculine or feminine words such as bachelor's degree
62
dialect
a version of the same language spoken by a particular group of people based on race, class, gender, region and etc.
63
jargon
specialized terms used by people in particular profession or share a particular interest
64
pidgins
chicken scratch languages that aren't far along in their development and don't have much language rules and borrow many words from various languages
65
creole
languages that develop over a long period of time through the process of combining language and grammar from various languages
66
lingua franca
language not native to a group but they use it to be able to easily communicate and interact with the broader environment
67
loanwords
words borrowed from other languages
68
language families
families that belong to the same ancestral language
69
cognates
words that sound similar to the same language family
70
sapir-wharf hypothesis
the way we talk about language shapes the way view, think, and interact with the world
71
what are the three colors that are universally named
black white and red
72
what is the only tribe that has no name for color
the Piraha tribe
73
social birth
the event that formally acknowledges you as a person; most preindustrial societies don't acknowledge a person until they are at least two years old
74
life boat ethics
used as an example from women in rural Brazil. Not everyone can survive so some kids inevitably have to die/
75
playing
play is semi-structured recreational activities that help children learn basic to advanced skills
76
folklore
texts that describe traditional stories often involving cultural heroes and characters that are passed down from generation to generation
77
story tellers
all societies have story tellers
78
status
position one occupies in a group
79
gender identity
it is the conception a person has about their roles as a man or a woman
80
rites of passage
rituals or event that marks a transition to a different stage of life
81
initiation rites
marks a person's transition from a lower status to a higher status
82
psychological anthropology
subfield that focuses on motivations for behaviors, common personality types within the society, and how they mental disorders
83
social identity
the performing self that manages actions and appearance with a drip or in public
84
self identity
how conceptailizes oneself. Personal sense of self
85
individualist societies
societies that emphasizes each person as a unique entity
86
communalist societies
the individual is less important and works for the betterment of the group
87
culture specific mental disorders
psychological illness that occurs with more frequency in certain societies. Amok in Indonesia. Bulemia for the United States
88
psychotropic anthropology
anthropologists using drugs to get a better understanding of a culture and gain trust
89
economic anthropology
focuses on substenance strategies and economic systems
90
human subsistence patterns
ways people obtain food using available resources
91
subsistance level
most of the world lives at the substance level
92
foragers
hunter gatherers
93
pastoralism
food and subsistence patterns are dependent on animals and selling their produce or meat
94
nomads
those who have no permanent dwelling
95
transhumance
when pastoralists move no new pastures on a seasonal basis
96
sedentism
settlement in one location permanently as a result of surplus
97
horticulture
working with natural processes to help raise crops that were already there or placed their with little technological input.
98
generalized reciprocity
no concrete set of rules, no keeping score, no set values, just expectation of return
99
balanced reciprocity
tit for tat with great expectation of equal return
100
negative reciprocity
uneven or one sided transaction
101
potlatch
kwakiutl and other pnw first peoples. high status individuals are given stuff and the wealth is redistributed
102
post colonialism
the continuing influence of the west in their former colonial territories
103
neo colonialism
the economic means of controlling a country similar to colonialism
104
kinship system
set of organizational rules that outline who your relatives are and the nature of you relationship with them
105
consanguine
relatives by blood
106
affines
your relatives by marriage
107
fictive kin
relatives that are not related to you by blood but are still treated as family regardless
108
rules of descent
rules on how the next generation is supposed to treat the former
109
bilateral descent
when offspring identify as being descended from both his/her mother and father and their kin
110
unilineal descent
when you identify as on one gender's parental lineage
111
patrilineal descent
when you are descended from the father and the grandfather and etc
112
matrilineal descent
when you are descended from your mother and grandmother and etc.
113
inheritance rules
how wealth and property is passed down from one generation to the next
114
Trobriand Islanders
example of inheritance rules. The male passes it down to his sister's kids because they are unsure if their own wife's kids are theirs
115
double descent
when you differentiate between matrilineal and patrilineal descent and follow both rules accordingly
116
parallel descent
when you follow the descent of only your own gender. Men follow the patrilineal descent and women follow the matrilineal descent
117
ambilineal descent
when you choose any lineage connected to you and can shift over time when advantageous
118
exogamy
you cannot marry someone of your own lineage or group
119
endogamy
when you are to marry someone of your own group with the exception of your immediate family
120
cousin marriages
the most common practice of endogamy
121
parallel cousin
marrying the cousin of the parents same gender sibling s children. Marrying your mom's sister's kid or your father's brother's kid
122
cross-cousin
just the opposite gender sibling of your mother and father. you marry their kids
123
matriclans
obtain new members through their women. Moving to the woman' village and raising their children there
124
patriclans
obtain new members through their men by moving the husbands' village and raising their children there
125
segmentary theory
the tendency to band together when facing all encompassing threats or issues
126
polyamory
relationship between three or more individuals. considered equal partners
127
polygyny
when the male has multiple spouses
128
soroorial polygyny
when the male is husband to sisters
129
polyandry
when the wife has multiple husbands
130
brideprice
the wealth paid by the groom's family in exchange for her reproductive abilities
131
dowry
wealth brought by the bride into the marriage to protect her financial interests
132
brideservice/groomservice
periods of rerequired labor by the parents of th spouse before or after marriage
133
arranged marriages
preset by the kin of the couple, they demonstrate the importance of social connections and social contracts
134
patrifocal
societies where the families are headed by males
135
matrifocal
societies where the families are headed by the females
136
patrilocal
societies where the family lives with the family of the husband. Lives with the male lineage of the family
137
matrilocal
societies where families move in with the matrilineal descent
138
neolocal
starting a new home somewhere new
139
levirate
societies where a man dies, his brother must marry his widow and to keep his children and property within the patrilineage
140
sororate societies
when a woman dies, her younger sister marries the widow to maintain ties between the families
141
gender constructs
set of assumptions about the roles, attitudes, and beliefs for each gender
142
sexual dimorphism
the physiological and anatomical differences between the sexes
143
third genders
genders completely outside the binary; hijras and two-spirits
144
fetishism
man made object imbued with special qualities or supernatural properties
145
fetishize
to fetishize something means to give it special clout over human beings
146
examples of fetishizing
south korean plastic surgery; foot binding; neck stretching in thailand or myanmar;
147
hymenorrhaphy
hymen repair surgery
148
virginity
quality of not having sex. Theorized to be important because it limits uncertainty about property inheritance
149
honor killings
killing someone who is percieved to have brought shame to the group
150
dowry death
when a young women is killed or commits suicide when she fails to produce children and live up to the worth of her dowry. comes usually in the form of bride burning
151
female genital mutilation
cutting of of the clitoris and the labia and usually involves some form of sewing the vagina shut.
152
menstruation
considered unclean in abrahamic faiths and considered powerful by eastern religions
153
menstruation huts
huts where women gather apart from their responsibilities to menstruate for 7 days
154
gender roles
rights, duties, attitudes and etc. typically associated with each gender
155
gender relations
norms of interection between genders
156
gender gap
differences in wages, incomes, and wealth earned
157
cult of domesticity
argument that women are better suited for domestic tasks of nurturing children and performing house work
