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LING 201 > fuck me i hate it here > Flashcards

fuck me i hate it here Flashcards

1
Q

at least 1 context/enviro where one sound exists but the other can’t, can never both appear in the same enviro

A

complementary distribution

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2
Q

what’s the english sonority hierarchy from most to least sonorous (4 to 0)

A

vowels > glides > liquids > nasals > obstruents

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3
Q

what r liquids

A

sounds like /l/ and /r/

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4
Q

what r glides

A

sounds w vowel like qualities but arent really vowels, like /w/ and /y/

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5
Q

list of all sounds possible. like literally everything

A

phonetic inventory

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6
Q

list of all sounds possible that HAVE MEANING!

A

phonemic inventory

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7
Q

closed syllable

A

cvc

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8
Q

open syllable

A

cv

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9
Q

EXHAUSTIVE set of sounds w at least 1 common property

A

natural class

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10
Q

when a sound spreads its features to sound right after it

A

assimilation

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11
Q

sounds r produced with _________ in stressed syllables

A

aspiration

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12
Q

phonological constraints on syllable structure that dictate what consonant and vowel combos r allowed

A

phonotactic rule

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13
Q

smallest independent standing, speakable and writeable separable unit in ling

A

word

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14
Q

smallest unit of meaning in language

A

morpheme

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15
Q

list all the types of affixes rn.

A

prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix, simultaneous

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16
Q

each node dominates max 2 nodes in syntactic tree asymm = good

A

binary branching

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17
Q

head = within phrase adn it gives its syntactic category to the phrase and that becomes the phrase head/phrase category

A

endocentricity

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18
Q

constituent category =/- head category which is bullshi

A

exocentricity

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19
Q

root changes completely and they share no phonological properties and the forms r completely distinct. doesnt apply to verbs

A

suppletion

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20
Q

“Suppletion is a form of morphological irregularity whereby a change in a grammatical category triggers a change in word form, with a different (suppletive) root substituting for the normal one (e.g. in the past tense of go, the irregular form went replaces the regular goed).” - universite catholique de louvain

A

suppletive root

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21
Q

ling expression set that have common core meaning but alter in a regular way

A

morphological paradigm

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22
Q

entity that does action is subject

A

active voice

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23
Q

verb acts upon subject, the verb is more of the focus here

A

passive voice

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24
Q

name all distributional noun tests rn.

A
  • follow determiner
  • modified by adj
  • be the subject or the object of a verb
  • be replaced by pronoun
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25
Q

name all morphological noun tests rn

A

can take plural mark

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26
Q

name all distributional verb tests rn.

A
  • can combine w auxiliary verbs like can, will, have, be
  • follow infinitive marker to
  • take an object without preposition
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27
Q

name all morphological verb tests rn

A
  • third person singular present tense w -s
  • past tense form usually w -ed
  • perfect/passive form usually w -ed or -en
  • progressive form -ing
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28
Q

name all distributional adj tests rn

A
  • modify nouns and happen between determiner and noun
  • modified by very → but many adverbs can also do this
  • dont allow noun phrase objectives aka if objects are possible, they must be introduced in prepositional phrase
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29
Q

name all morphological adj tests rn

A
  • suffixed with -ish
  • have comparative and superlative forms
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30
Q

name all distributional adverb tests rn

A
  • modify verbs, adjective,s other adverbs → anything but nouns
  • cant appear alone between determiner and noun
  • can be modified by very but so can adhectives
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31
Q

name all morphological adverb tests rn

A

many end in -ly

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32
Q

changes meaning of word, or word category,

A

derivational

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33
Q

syntactic category of base and, sort of, what it means

A

selectional property

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34
Q

pronoun case referring to object, like me us it

A

accusative

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35
Q

pronoun case referring to subject like you he she

A

nominative

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36
Q

possessive pronoun case, like my ours hers

A

genitive

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37
Q

morpheme w no phonetic form, doesnt change the morphology of the word its attaching to

A

zero morpheme/0 morpheme

38
Q

adj suffix like -er,

A

comparative

39
Q

how event happens based on reference point that is before, at the same time, or after utterance time, usually independent of time

A

aspect

40
Q

when event unfolds in relation to now/utterance time

A

tense

41
Q

morpheme realization changing based on phonological context

A

phonologically driven morphology

42
Q

morpheme realization changing not based on phonological context, if it doesn’t line up phonologically and have a consistent pattern involving similar phonological contexts, it’s probably lexically driven

A

lexically driven

43
Q

vocabulary, complete set of meaningful units, in language

A

lexicon

44
Q

decides syntactic category of compound

A

category head** you might wanna look into this

45
Q

decides main meaning of endocentric compound. - heads r always on the right, dont carry the stress in the compound bc they always are stressed on the first member of the compound
- left compound doesnt have inflectional affixes aside from past participles → will just be frozen

A

interpretive head

46
Q

the morphological thing that’s always on the right, do’t carry stressed syllable, determine inflectional affixation

A

head

47
Q

dont have interpretive head bec the headed part of the compound determines word syntactic category, JUST NOT THE LITERAL MEANING???? what does this mean bro

A

exocentric

48
Q

syntactically not governed by what comes first and the noun and pronoun cant just change places whenever bc otherwise it doesnt have the same meaning. ex. amy said tom likes strawberries, but he didn’t –> tom and he refers to the same person

A

coreference

49
Q

grammar can generate only all possible sentences of language using a finite set of rules, all neurotypical kids acquire grammar the same way even with a poverty of stimulus

A

generative syntax/grammar

50
Q

language is association between form/phonology phonetics and meaning/semantics. semantics and a lil bit of morphology + phonology and phonetics = syntax

A

T or Y grammar model

51
Q

no matter where a neurotypical kid is born or language htey speak, grammar will be well known at 5 yo but might not match adult grammar completely, despite a poverty of stimulus

A

learnability problem/plato’s problem

52
Q

has rules for grammar of all languages of the world, grammar acquisition is pruning which set of all these grammar rules apply to native language

A

innate component of grammar

53
Q

expression denoting state/event/activity that can take arguments , it says smth abt the subject, can be - only verb
- verb and complement
- verb, complement, and modifiers
- verbs might need object/subject ,verb phrase might need subject

A

predicate

54
Q

predicate only w subject

A

intransitive predicate

55
Q

predicate w subject and object

A

transitive

56
Q

predicate w subject and 2 objects, one of which might be introduced w a preposition

A

ditransitive

57
Q

expression that denotes abstract/concrete entities

A

argument

58
Q

combo of predicate and its arguments

A

clause

59
Q

clause that is in another clause. clause-ception

A
  • Dependent clauses are embedded in matrix clauses
60
Q

expresses a complete proposition, true or false

A

sentence

61
Q

simple sentences have ________

A

single clause

62
Q

complex sentences have _____________

A

embedded clauses

63
Q

compound sentences have __________

A

conjoined clauses

64
Q

predicate’s argument, expressed w nominative pronouns, precede predicate in english, does the main action in the sentence

A

subject

65
Q

predicate’s argument, expressed w accusative pronouns, follow predicate in english

A

object

66
Q

single object of transitive verbs, follow verb immediately in declaritive english snetences, receives the main action in the sentence

A

direct object

67
Q

argument of ditransitive verbs, can be introduced w prepositino, “receives the direct object”

A

indir obejct

68
Q

constituent organized around 1 essential ele/”leader word”

A

phrase

69
Q

brain of operations, determines phrase category and what other ele can occur in phrase

A

syntactic head

70
Q

object that can be taken by head( like nouns, adj, verbs, prepositions), this is [of you all] in ‘proud [of you all]’

A

COMPLEMENT

71
Q

modifies meaning of head, optional

A

modifier

72
Q

if two words belong to the same constituent, they have a ___________

A

tight relation

73
Q

kinda unstable, joining 2 constituents of same category and conjunction is usually possible only of same category, works for pps. Example: jane feeds stray dogs at the park -> jane and her cousin feed stray dogs at the park

A

coordinationn

74
Q

always in expansion , includes neologisms and contentful words like nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, aka you can add new words to these

A

open class/lexical category

75
Q

rarely if ever describe reality outside grammar, hold syntaxt together, dont accept neologisms that well except for neopronounsn

A

closed class/functional catgory

76
Q

introduces nouns

A

DETERMINER

77
Q

‘the’ is what functional category

A

definite determiner

78
Q

‘a’ is what functional category

A

indefinite determiner

79
Q

‘every, some, most, etc’ is what functional category

A

quantifier determiner

80
Q

functional category pro-form replacing nps used w subjects and objects usually

A

PRONOUN

81
Q

functional category verb that introduces lexical verbs (please look in your notes ibeg idk whats going on )

A

regular auxiliary

82
Q

functional category verb that dont have person morphology

A

modal auxiliary

83
Q

intro grammar relations and/or location, and r often transitive

A

preposition

84
Q

introduce clauses, e.g. ‘that’, ‘whether’, are the heads of cps/complementizer phrases

A

complementizer

85
Q

complementizer phrases aka cps

A

clause

86
Q

the maximal node is what family member on a syntactic tree

A

mother

87
Q

the terminal node is what family member on a syntactic tree

A

daughter

88
Q

predict expressions that arent possible

A

overgeneralize

89
Q

do not predict some expressions that r possible

A

undergeneralize

90
Q

generative grammar is ______________

A

descriptive

91
Q

inflectional affixes are always _________ in english, but not all inflectional morphology in english is _______.

A

suffixal, affixal

LING 201 (2 decks)

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