Fuel Study Guide Flashcards

Question

How can you find certified retrofitted technologies to reduce diesel emissions? (p.15)

Answer 1

EPA or CARB website (California Air Resources Board)

Answer 2

damange to trees/crops respirtory/ eye ittitation, hinders breathing, impairs coordination, acid rain component, ozone contributor, respiratory irritation

Answer 3

great thing in the upper atmosphere where it blocks harmful ultra-violet radiation. Unfortunately, ground-level ozone is a major health risk. Vehicle emissions including unburned fuels (volatile organic compounds (VOC), mix in the presence of sunlight on a calm day and produce ozone/smog which dapamge trees and crops and cause respiratory and eye irritatio

Answer 4

solid particles such as ash or soot from exhaust and caues respitory irritation

Answer 5

dirty air, global warming, energy dependence

Answer 6

• Primary standards provide public health protection, including protecting the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. • Secondary standards provide public welfare protection, including protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.

Answer 7

• Impose new controls on industrial plants • Restrict transportation • Require tougher vehicle inspection programs • Require use of special, cleaner-burning gasoline

Answer 8

The definition of alternative fuel varies according to the context of its usage. In the context of petroleum substitutes, the term ‘alternative fuel’ can refer to any available fuel or energy source, and does not necessarily refer to a source of renewable energy. In the context of environmental sustainability, ‘alternative fuel’ often implies an ecologically benign renewable fuel. Often, these fuels produce less pollution than gasoline or diesel

Answer 9

predicts a rising cost of oil-derived fuels caused by severe shortages of oil during an era of growing energy consumption.

Answer 10

fuels that can be derived from living and recently dead biological material which can be turned into fuel (plant matter for biofuel)

Answer 11

refers to living and recently dead biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Most commonly, biomass refers to plant matter grown for use as biofuel, but it also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers, chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes that can be burned as fuel. exlcude coal or petroluem

Answer 12

store energy in a form that is stable and can be easily transported from the place of production to the end user.

Answer 13

“…most of the observed increase in globally-averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.

Answer 14

because they cause less pollution at the point of use, and perhaps less pollution overall.

Answer 15

tar sands, oil shale and bitumen.

Answer 16

form of natural gas. This substance consists of methane molecules trapped within the crystalline structure of water ice and is found in deposits under ocean sediments or within continental sedimentary rock formations

Answer 17

fossil fuel chemically identical and with the same origin as conventional or traditional oil, but existing in a different form. These fuels often contain more contaminants and are more energy intensive to produce, thus raising environmental concerns about their sustainability.

Answer 18

converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen into heavier liquid hydrocarbons, including synthetic oil. It is used today in South Africa to produce most of that country’s diesel from coal

Answer 19

It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications.

Answer 20

Methanol from any source can be used in internal combustion engines with minor modifications

Answer 21

• Biodiesel (B5 - B20) • Renewable Diesel (R20 – R99) • Ethanol (E10 – E85) • Electric • Hybrid technology • Hydrogen (Internal Combustion & Fuel Cell) • Natural Gas (Liquefied & Compressed) • Propane (LPG)

Answer 22

Biodiesel is defined as mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats which conform to ASTM-D6751 specifications for use in diesel engines. Biodiesel refers to the pure fuel before blending with diesel fuel. Biodiesel blends are denoted as, "BXX" with "XX" representing the percentage of biodiesel contained in the blend (i.e.: B20 is 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel).

Answer 23

both use similar feedstocks, but they have different processing methods and create chemically different products.

Answer 24

use it as a substitue for reguar diesel

Answer 25

Biodiesel is better for the environment than conventional diesel because it is made from renewable resources and has lower emissions compared to petroleum diesel. It is less toxic than table salt and biodegrades as fast as sugar. Since it is made in North America from renewable resources such as soybeans, its use decreases dependence on foreign oil and contributes to our own economy.

Answer 26

Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. The process leaves behind two products – methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable byproduct usually sold to be used in soaps and other products).

Answer 27

combined with unleaded gasoline

Answer 28

The most advanced of these alternatives is produced through hydrotreating, a process which is being utilized in today’s petroleum refineries. During this process, hydrogen replaces other atoms such as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen and converts the oil’s triglyceride molecules into paraffinic hydrocarbons

Answer 29

Renewable diesel is a broad class of fuels derived from biomass feed stocks including oils or animal fats, but processed by other means.

Answer 30

From an environmental perspective, renewable diesel can reduce emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Diesel vehicles are naturally 20-40 percent more energy efficient than gasoline vehicles, resulting in a 10-20 percent reduction in GHG emissions. Using renewable diesel fuels can further reduce carbon dioxide emissions anywhere from 20-60 percent.

Answer 31

energy security, economic and environmental benefits. One of the most frequently-cited benefits is its ability to help Canada and the United States offset the need for foreign oil imports and move toward energy independence. It has also drawn strong support from the agricultural community which would benefit from increased farm income.

Answer 32

10% ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline. E10 is approved for use in any make or model of vehicle sold in Canada and the U.S. Many automakers recommend its use because of its high performance and clean-burning characteristics. About 46% of America’s gasoline contains a portion of ethanol.

Answer 33

Ethanol is a clean-burning, high-octane motor fuel that is produced from renewable sources. At its most basic, ethanol is grain alcohol, produced from crops such as corn or other starch-based crops.

Answer 34

All vehicles are “ethanol vehicles” and can use up to 10% ethanol with no modifications to the engine

Answer 35

a vehicle with one or more electric motors for propulsion. This is also referred to as an electric drive vehicle.

Answer 36

made from cellulosic feedstocks such as grass, wood and crop residues.

Answer 37

85% ethanol and 15% unleaded gasoline. E85 is an alternative fuel for use in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). There are currently more than 6 million FFVs on America’s roads today, and automakers are rolling out more each year. In conjunction with more flexible fuel vehicles, more E85 pumps are being installed across the country. When E85 is not available, these FFVs can operate on pure gasoline or any ethanol blend up to 85%.

Answer 38

most likely e20 or e30

Answer 39

fuel efficient, power, driving range, or reduced greenhouse gas emissions

Answer 40

an automobile that has two or more major sources of propulsion power

Answer 41

hydrogen, propane, CNG, and solar energy

Answer 42

gasoline-electric hybrid car has one or two auxiliary electric motors that supplement the main gasoline engine. Compared to conventional automobiles, the gasoline engine in a gas-electric hybrid is smaller, less powerful, and more efficient. Although

Answer 43

batteries, fuel cells or a generator. The energy used to propel the vehicle may be obtained from several sources. Some of the sources are more ecological than others, such as on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS), called Full Electric Vehicles (FEV). Power storage methods include: • Chemical energy stored on the vehicle in on-board batteries known as Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) • Static energy stored on the vehicle in on-board super capacitors • Kinetic energy storage or flywheels • Direct connection to land-based generation plants, as is common in electric trains and trolley buses • Renewable sources such as wind or solar • Generated energy on-board using a fuel cell: fuel cell vehicle

Answer 44

A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its on-board fuel for power.

Answer 45

combustion, or electrochemical conversion in a fuel-cell.

Answer 46

natural gas from coal, liquefied petroleum gas, biomass, or as a microbial water product, or water

Answer 47

decreased ghg emissions and ozone precursors. less reliance on petro products, he conversion of fossil fuels would be moved from the vehicle, to centralized power plants in which the byproducts of combustion or gasification can be better controlled than at the tailpipe.

Answer 48

uses hydrogen fuel and owygen from the air to produce electricity

Answer 49

• Onboard Hydrogen Storage • Cold Weather Operation • Getting Hydrogen to Consumers • Vehicle and Fuel Availability • Safety • Competition with Other Technologies • Public Acceptance

Answer 50

It is currently difficult to store enough hydrogen onboard a FCV (Fuel Cell Vehicle) to allow it to travel as far as a conventional vehicle on a full tank of fuel. Fuel cells are more energy-efficient than internal combustion engines in terms of the amount of energy used per weight of fuel and the amount of fuel used compared to the amount wasted. Hydrogen gas, however, is very diffused, and only a small amount (in terms of weight) can be stored in onboard fuel tanks of a reasonable size.

Answer 51

the amount of hydrogen stored in a vehicle does not allow it to travel as far as a regular ICE vehicl

Answer 52

proper handling is needed and can explode

Answer 53

fuel cell systems always contain water, both as a byproduct and for humidifying the fuel cell, which can freeze at low temperatures. The fuel cells must also reach a certain temperature to attain full performance.

Answer 54

Manufacturers are still improving the efficiency of gasoline and diesel-powered engines, and gasoline-electric hybrids are gaining popularity. FCVs will have to offer consumers a viable alternative, especially in terms of performance, durability, and cost, to survive in the ultra-competitive automobile market

Answer 55

U.S. natural gas reserves are abundant, this alternative fuel can be domestically produced and used to offset the petroleum currently being imported for transportation use

Answer 56

contains less carbon than any other fossil fuel and produces lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions than gasoline and diesel fuel

Answer 57

1/3 less expensive than conventional gas

Answer 58

approx 120k NGV on the US roads and about 15 million worldwide, approx 1250 fueling stations in the us and about half public use

Answer 59

dissapates in the atmosphere versus pooling, storage cylinders stronger, fuel sysytems are seale, high ignition temp, narrow range of flammability, not toxic or corrsive and will not contaimate ground water

Answer 60

less carbon and while it emtis methane, that increase is offset by the substantial reduction in CO@ emissions.

Answer 61

vehicle power, acceleration, and cruising speed are similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles. The driving range for bi-fuel vehicles is comparable to that of gasoline vehicles. The range of dedicated gas-injection propane vehicles is generally less than gasoline vehicles because of the 25% lower energy content of propane, and lower efficiency of gas-injection propane fuel systems. Extra storage tanks can increase range, but the additional weight displaces payload capacity. Liquid Propane Injection engines, introduced in 2006, promise to deliver fuel economy more comparable to gasoline systems.

Answer 62

less expensive - Propane’s high-octane rating (104 to 112 compared with 87 to 92 for gasoline) and low carbon and oil contamination characteristics, have resulted in documented engine life of up to two times that of gasoline engines. Because the fuel mixture (propane and air), is completely gaseous, cold start problems associated with liquid fuel are eliminated

Answer 63

lower harmful emissions and increases us energy security

Answer 64

two separate fueling systems that enable the vehicle to use either propane or gasoline

Answer 65

It is mandated by the EPA in specific regions to make sure that the fuel produces less carbon monoxide, so it burns cleaner.

Answer 66

Reformulated gasoline (RFG) is now used in over 1/3 of U.S. vehicles

Answer 67

replacing vehicles, using alternative fuels in existing vehicles, reducing idling time, reducing mileage, and driving efficiently.

Answer 68

petroleum reduction calculator -Environment Canada offers a tool to calculate GHG and other emissions can be found at https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-funding/tools-for-applying/calculator-greenhouse-gases-air-contaminants.html

Answer 69

makes it easier to anticipate price changes, follow key fuel standards and identify the steps and technologies to improve fuel efficiency. Crude oil and finished fuels are traded as commodities in a global market and, as such, they are governed by the economies of supply and demand

Answer 70

It will eventually become scarce and will run out more quickly as China, India and other countries develop energy intensive economies like those of North America, Europe and other parts of Asia.

Answer 71

domestic demand outpaced supply

Answer 72

OPEC manages world oil prices by adjusting production quotas of members and therefore, the supply. Sometimes members overproduce to make more money or satisfy political aims. However, by controlling production on the margin in a market with little surplus production capacity, OPEC has largely been successful at supporting the price of oil on the world market.

Answer 73

Speculators bet on the future price considering possible disruptions to the delicate balance of supply and demand. Can drive up costs based on fear

Answer 74

East Texas Sweet Crude

Answer 75

695 mill barrels with capacity of 713.5 mll barrels

Answer 76

This reserve serves to buffer the market in case oil imports are temporarily reduced

Answer 77

canada 2m v US 19.4m consumed

Answer 78

canada imports 634,000 barrels per day vs US 9.4 million per day

Answer 79

141 operable refineries in US and 19 in canada

Answer 80

crude oil, cost of refining/distribution/marketing, taxes

Answer 81

Refineries from multiple companies enter the same pipelines. Multiple fuel types and grades travel in the same pipeline, with some mixing occurring at interface.

Answer 82

calculated in cents per gallon and converted to a percentage, crude oil, refining costs and profits, distibution and marketing and profits, and taxes

Answer 83

If the company buys a fuel call option and the price of fuel increases, the company will receive a return on the option that offsets their actual cost of fuel. If the company buys a fuel call option, which requires an upfront premium cost, much like insurance, and the price of fuel decreases, the company will not receive a return on the option but they will benefit from buying fuel at the then-lower cost.

Answer 84

Fuel hedging is a contractual tool some large fuel consuming companies, such as airlines, cruise lines and trucking companies, use to reduce their exposure to volatile and potentially rising fuel costs. A fuel hedge contract is a futures contract that allows a fuel-consuming company to establish a fixed or capped cost, via a commodity swap or option.

Answer 85

the company will be forced to pay an above market rate for fuel

Answer 86

Fuel tank monitors test for water. Paste on the end of a measurement stick can also be used to test for water. The paste changes color in the presence of water telling you how deep the layer is on the bottom of the tank (

Answer 87

Any water in the tank will bind with ethanol causing a reaction creating phase separation which makes fuel unusable.

Answer 88

agitation from refilling tanks will temporarily mix water with fuel at higher levels

Answer 89

cost or efficiency reasons.

Answer 90

presence of water or warm humid conditions

Answer 91

a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has at least 10% of its combined volume underground

Answer 92

bacteria, yeasts, nand funguses

Answer 93

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act allows them to operate in lieu of the federal EPA program.

Answer 94

corrosion, spill, and overfill protection,

Answer 95

Tanks not regulated by the EPA include: • Farm/residential tanks 1,100 gallons or less containing motor fuels used for noncommercial purposes • Tanks storing heating oil for on-site consumption • Emergency spill and overfill tanks • Tanks on or above the floor of underground areas, such as basements or tunnels • Septic tanks and systems for collecting storm water and waste water • Flow-through process tanks • Tanks of 110 gallons or less capacity

Answer 96

environmental damage to such elements as the underground aquifer and plants. Leaking underground fuel storage tanks can contaminate surrounding soil, groundwater, or surface waters and affect indoor air spaces.

Answer 97

requires closing the existing UST properly which includes notifying your regulatory authority at least 30 days before you close your UST, conducting any necessary site assessment and remedial action, having the tank emptied and cleaned safely, and either removing the tank or leaving it buried but filled with an inactive solid, such as sand

Answer 98

state/province and local fire codes, which usually have some mix of construction, installation, operation and maintenance requirements that are intended to prevent fires and other hazards that can come from mismanaged or substandard ASTs. Some ASTs may need to meet additional state/province and local regulatory requirements that safeguard human health and the environment from potential threats from ASTs

Answer 99

Owners of underground storage tanks have legal requirements (federal, state, and local) associated with their ownership as well as liability associated with leaking tanks

Answer 100

ASTs are covered by regulations from Environmental Protection Agency, National Fire Protection Association, Clean Water Act of 1972, Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure Program, State Agencies, and Local Agencies. Canadian regulations are outlined in part three of the ‘Code of Practice for Storage Tank Systems Containing Petroleum and Allied Products’.

Answer 101

secondary containment, vehicle impact protection, tank shell integrity testing, site security and control of storm water run off

Answer 102

10 percent difference between what was put in the tank and what is actually in the tank there is a strong chance of a leak. Also, alarm will sound in the event of a leak.

Answer 103

serious contamination of soil and water supply.

Answer 104

facility that stores, processes, refines, uses or consumes oil and is non-transportation-related is subject to the SPCC rule. Containers that are 55 gallons or larger are subject to SPCC rules. Entities subject to the SPCC must have a plan in place to prevent oil spills, along with control measures and countermeasures related to containment and cleanup.

Answer 105

• Use containers suitable for the oil stored. For example, use a container designed for flammable liquids to store gasoline. • Provide overfill prevention for oil storage containers. Use a high-level alarm or audible vent. • Provide appropriate-sized secondary containment for bulk storage containers, such as a dike or a remote impoundment. The containment needs to hold the full capacity of the container plus possible rainfall. The dike may be constructed of earth or concrete. A double-walled tank may also suffice. • Provide general secondary containment to catch the most likely oil spill where you transfer oil to and from containers and for mobile refuelers and tanker trucks. • Periodically inspect and test pipes and containers. Visually inspect above ground pipes and oil containers according to industry standards. Buried pipes need to be leak tested when they are installed or repaired. Include a written record of inspections in the plan.

Answer 106

Standard tank filling practices should be used to prevent spills and overfills. econdary containment areas to help contain spills. This also makes leaks easier to detect. The containment area should have a capacity of 110% of the tank’s contents. The containment must be impermeable. One of the most important preventative measures is routinely monitoring your AST to ensure it is not leaking.monthly, daily, or every time a delivery is made reconciolation audit that reviews tank height levels, fuel temperatures and the amount of fuel that was distributed and replenished in the tank Aside from in-house reconciliation, the EPA mandates that each tank be tested or inspected for integrity on a regular schedule and whenever material repairs are made.

Answer 107

designed to detect oil leaks, spills, or other potential integrity or structural issues before they can result in a discharge of oil to navigable waters of the U.S. or adjoining shorelines. More information about inspection requirements of the SPCC rules can be obtained United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website8.

Answer 108

spill prevention practices, discharge or drainage controls and identify the equipment and resources at the facility to prevent oil from reaching bodies of water or other vulnerable sites. Should include • Operating procedures to prevent oil spills • Control measures to prevent oil spills • Countermeasures to contain, cleanup, and mitigate the effects of an oil spill

Answer 109

mobile fueling or on-site fueling, simply refers to the process of bringing fuel to the location where the vehicle/equipment is parked or domiciled

Answer 110

environmental issues and cross fueling, more expensive

Answer 111

productivity savings associated with not having the driver stop for fuel, easier to track fuel usage - can reduce the risk of fuel theft, misuse and management, and offers versatility to change fuel sites

Answer 112

1. A fuel truck travels to the specified location. 2. The driver individually fuels all vehicles and equipment that need fuel. 3. The driver tracks how much fuel goes into each vehicle. This can be done by scanning the bar codes assigned to the vehicles being refueled which corresponds to an electronic inventory system. 4. The fleet manager receives and manages the data in an online wet hosing fuel account

Answer 113

no need to carry cash, product control is enhanced, no reimbursement needed, data collection, fuel discount

Answer 114

onsite bulk tanks and fleet fuel cards

Answer 115

card system offers more control and security than its T and E counterpart. Universal/Co-Branded cards have the capability to identify the actual product that was purchased at the point of sale and determine which products may or may not be purchased.

Answer 116

less than from a universal fleet fuel card. The T and E card may provide a range from none to a moderate level of purchasing profile data management and limited ability to block or not authorize certain purchases

Answer 117

travel and exp card that can be used to pruchase goods realted to travel and bus exp and allow for restructions to be put on the cars

Answer 118

minimize fuel costs and reduce time spent managing fleet fuel. lots of location access for lower drive time to stations and also most cards provide comprehensive driver, vehicle, and exception reports to help you track your fleet’s activity within parameters set by you.

Answer 119

optimized fuel data management and repair shop data if the card is set up for it

Answer 120

issued by and associated exclusively with one fuel provider.

Answer 121

purchase control, exceptions monitoring, flexible reporting options, tax exemptions, convenience, online customer service, flexibile billing and payment options

Answer 122

card that can only be used at one location and is the most restrictive type of card

Answer 123

rebates, prompt payment incentive, online fleet data management

Answer 124

high level of control over where and what is purchase and ease to track and obtain discounts. But may have limited avail of stations and the companies vary in the robustmess of information and reporting

Answer 125

odometer redings and transactional history to help predecit when services are needed

Answer 126

types of products purchased, how much was purchased, how much was spent on these purchases, where products are purchased, and what taxes were incurred on purchases, odometer readings and transactional histort

Answer 127

see when products are purchased and detect irregular purchases. Managers can also track out-of-state purchases. Additionally, managers can monitor driving habits by viewing miles per gallon. With this, managers can determine if drivers are optimizing best practices for fuel efficiency and whether they are idling excessively. Beyond driver behavior on the road, managers can also monitor purchases that may be unnecessary or fraudulent. Managers can also view what locations users fuel up at and determine if a driver is using a vehicle for personal use.

Answer 128

hard controls suchs a restricted times or soft controls such as alerts

Answer 129

weather events, man made disasters such as industrialaccidents or terrorist attacks

Answer 130

Survivability means that your plan for your drivers and vehicles can continue at some level during the disaster. You may need to acquire trailers, power generators, portable popup tents or potable water. Your plan will need to provide for back-up plans that address where or how you intend to meet these basic needs.

Answer 131

Adaptability describes the need for your plan to be flexible and adapt to your given emergency.If you are bringing in people to help with company operations, there is a strong possibility that there will not be any local rental vehicles available. You will need alternate transportation plans to provide for this requirement. This might include bringing in company vehicles from neighboring states or transporting stock purchases significant distances. Drivers may have difficulty with travel as some areas may be closed or even unrecognizable due to the amount of damage that may have occurred. Your plan should address how they will locate and reach their destinations. GPS units may be needed for employees that are not familiar with the disaster area and can be helpful when seeking alternate routes, especially when street signage has been destroyed

Answer 132

1. Develop response plans for most likely events 2. Keep the plan flexible 3. Use three principles to guide the plan…Survivability, Adaptability, and Sustainability 4. Write an Emergency Operations Manual 5. Train staff 6. Develop staffing plans for 24/7 operations 7. Safeguard your lines of supply 8. Conduct security planning

Answer 133

Sustainability recognizes that your fleet must be able to function for long periods of time. Access to fuel will be an important consideration. Some fueling stations may be closed and if you are operating during evening hours, some 24-hour fueling sites may not be available. Knowing where, and when to fuel is an important consideration.

Answer 134

Vehicles that are well-maintained can be counted on to serve in time of emergency until you are able to rotate them out for PM or other maintenance. Additionally, you should plan to service your vehicles differently during a crisis – your own shops may be down, or your existing service providers may be suffering from the same disaster. Another contingency might be the acquisition through short-term lease or rental of a couple of “extra” vehicles so your vehicles can be rotated out periodically for routine maintenance

Answer 135

Random theft is a common problem during disasters and this can cripple your ongoing business operations.

Answer 136

Your Fleet Emergency Operations Manual must be considered company policy, and is to be treated as such at all times. Given this, it must be written only after careful consideration of the credible threats and disasters as well as your overall corporate Emergency Response Plan. Your plan must coordinate with other segments of your organization; for example, the resources listed in your manual as being necessary to implement your plan must be accessible through your purchasing/procurement departments

Answer 137

who and what will be impacted, how wi8ll you get good information and pass that information to those above you. communication up and down the chain, flexibilty, succession plan

Answer 138

1. Do you have back-up phone and email numbers for your fleet, your direct reports, your co-workers, and your superiors? 2. Have you communicated locations for your people to report to if they are cut-off from normal communication channels? 3. Do you have back-up sources for vehicles, fuel, or maintenance? 4. Do you have good lines of communication with your fuel provider, leasing company, service provider, insurance company, or other key providers? 5. Does your fleet operate on multiple shifts? 6. Will it need to do so in the event of a disaster? 7. Can you either get by on a single shift, or do you have access to other equipment and/or operators if necessary?

Answer 139

Your plan must include contact information for those in your organization as well as your key vendors, customers, and business partners. You also need to list whatever equipment, replacement vehicles, temporary help, and office and other supplies you’ll need to get you through the disaster and how those items are to be procured. In addition, the manual should list all documents vital to your fleet operation – Excel spreadsheets, scanned and stored contracts, email addresses, and other documentation, and where those are to be located in a disaster. Also include a phased set of tasks for the duration of the disaster

Answer 140

The key to a good training program is to make emergency operations a clear and ever-present priority by thought, word and deed. As the fleet manager, you have to not only “talk the talk” but “walk the walk”. Without commitment by the organization from the top down, training will not be effective. Take emergency planning seriously. Classroom training and other training such as local resopuces etc provide copy of plan and communicate their roles in the event of an emergency

Answer 141

local finre departments fopr first aid, CPR and search and rescue, FEMA, other wel based self study, other state and county emergency services cooridators

Answer 142

plan must be capable of operating two or more shifts not exceeding twelve hours each. Divide staff into two or more teams. Ensure employees basic needs for themselves and familes are met and develop and employee notification system

Answer 143

back up systems as well as ability to be used in manual mode. Storage acpacdity should be enough to fuel operations for at least 72 hours, also plan for local or regional fuel shortage and have alternate sources of suppy. Possibly a mobile tank or service truck

Answer 144

develop contingency plans. Have redundany and independent dupplies

Answer 145

build redundent, independente, and secure lines of supply. Availablity of vheciles. Fuel, maintenance, and roads

Answer 146

back up location and supplies. staffing plan, ncecessary parts, security of vehicles, employeese, and facilities. regarding facilities • Is it built to or can it be feasibly upgraded to essential facility standards? • Does it have an independent emergency power supply? • Is the facility located in a flood plain or other location susceptible to damage?

Answer 147

redundent and independent suppliers - mostly same considerations for insource just have to work with supplier

Answer 148

a standardized approach to the command, control, and coordination of emergency response providing a common hierarchy within which responders from multiple agencies can be effective. It is important to stay sustainable and make sure everything is organized

Answer 149

emnergenc ops or incident command. Also with other memebers of the team and suppliers and vendors

Answer 150

A steady sustained commitment of resources is almost always more effective in the long run than an unorganized overabundance of personnel, equipment and supplies in the initial stage of the disaster. Remember the first responders have to assess and organize before a large-scale response and recovery can become effective. Use this time rationally to asses and organize your fleet operation so that when the Incident Command team is ready for your help, you are ready to respond.

Answer 151

plan for risks regardingvehicles, employees and facilities. In a major disaster or emergency, desperate people will do desperate things to improve their personal situation. Your fleet, employees, facilities, tools, supplies, fuel and food may be at risk from vandals, looters or just normal people responding in panic to a difficult situation. Work with your organization’s security personnel to understand the risks, assess the vulnerabilities and develop security upgrades and plans to protect the life, health and property of your employees and employer.

Answer 152

emergency clauses

Answer 153

last two cathodic protection tests

Answer 154

1. Able to detect a leak from any portion of the tank or its piping. 2. Install, calibrate, operate, and maintain leak protection in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. 3. Meets the performance requirements described in the federal regulations for leak protection.

Answer 155

The law requires organizations to keep records of the activities related to the maintenance of their UST system. You must keep records about any upg

Answer 156

The changes established federal requirements that are similar to key portions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. In addition, EPA added new operation and maintenance requirements and addressed UST systems deferred in the 1988 UST regulation.

Answer 157

https://www.epa.gov/ust/revising-underground-storage-tank- regulations-revisions-existing-requirements-and-new

Answer 158

• Interstitial method • Internal method • External method

Answer 159

Automatic line leak detector, annual line testing

Answer 160

monthly monitoring or monthly inventory control and tank tightness tesing every 5 years

Answer 161

Use an automatic line leak detector which: 1. Shuts Off Product Flow -or- 2. Restricts Flow -or- 3. Triggers Audible or Visual Alarm AND Secondary Containment with Interstitial Monitoring

Answer 162

1. Monthly Monitoring* (except automatic tank gauging) -or- 2. Line Testing Every 3 Years -or- 3. No Requirements if the following characteristics are readily determinable: • Below-grade piping is sloped so that its contents will drain into the storage tank if the suction is released. • Each suction line has only one check valve which is located directly below the suction pump. • System must operate at less than atmospheric pressure.

Answer 163

attempt to identfy the location and notify approp gov agencies and follw state/trival requirements. Take emvergency respose actions if necessary

Answer 164

Steel tanks require cathodic protection; either sacrificial anodes or impressed current. An impressed current system uses a rectifier to convert alternating current to direct current. The UST system is protected because the current going to the UST system overcomes the corrosion-causing current, normally flowing away from it. A sacrificial anode system uses retrofitted anodes to protect the tank from corrosion. If your UST is one of the non-corrodible types, i.e. clad, jacketed, sti-p3, or fiberglass, your tank meets the requirements for corrosion protection without cathodic protection.

Answer 165

making sure there is enough room in the tank for the delivery before the delivery is made and watching the entherdelivery to prevent overfill or spilling. Also overfill alarms, auto shutoff

Answer 166

catchment basin is a bucket sealed around the fill pipe to capture spills when the delivery hose is uncoupled from the fill pipe. Basins range in size from those capable of holding only a few gallons to those that are much larger. The larger the catchment basin, the more spill protection it provides

Answer 167

This method monitors the groundwater table near an UST for the presence of released free product on the water table. Monitoring wells near the UST are checked frequently to see if petroleum can be detected. The regulations describe several requirements for the use of this method. For example, this method cannot be used if the water table is more than 20 feet below the surface of the ground.

Answer 168

The EPA has outlined compatibility requirements which should be considered before alternative fuel storage systems are put into place. Follow this link for more information and compatibility requirements: https://www.epa.gov/ust/alternative-fuels-and-underground-storage-tanks-usts

Answer 169

Class A - Persons having primary responsibility for operation and maintenance of UST; Class B - Persons having daily responsibility for operation and maintenance of UST systems; Class C - Daily on-site employees having primary responsibility for emergency release from UST systems.

Answer 170

• Spill and overfill prevention • Release detection • Corrosion protection • Emergency response • Product and equipment compatibility and demonstration • Financial responsibility • Notification and storage tank registration • Temporary and permanent closure • Related reporting, recordkeeping, testing, and inspections • Environmental and regulatory consequences of releases • Training requirements for Class B and Class C operators

Answer 171

10/13/2018 or for class a and b within 30 days of assuming duties and class c must be trained before assuming duties

Answer 172

regulatory requirements and typical equipment used at UST facilities; or site-specific requirements which address only the regulatory requirements and equipment specific to the facility: • Operation and maintenance • Spill and overfill prevention • Release detection and related reporting • Corrosion protection • Emergency response • Product and equipment compatibility and demonstration • Reporting, recordkeeping, testing, and inspections • Environmental and regulatory consequences of releases • Training requirements for Class C operators

Answer 173

must be retrained withing 30 days of the determination of non compliance. For retraining, the program or comparable examination must be developed or administered by an independent organization, the implementing agency, or a recognized authority. Retraining must, at a minimum, cover those areas found to be out of compliance.

Answer 174

Owners and operators must maintain a record identifying all currently designated operators at the facility. The record must include the operator name, operator class, date assumed duties, and training or retraining dates. In addition, owners and operators must have records verifying completion of training or retraining. This record must have the trainee name, date trained, operator training class completed, name of training company or examiner, and the training company's name, address, and phone number

Answer 175

Each designated Class C operator must either: be trained by a Class A or Class B operator; complete a training program; or pass a comparable examination. The training option chosen must teach or evaluate the Class C operator's knowledge to take appropriate actions, (including notifying appropriate authorities), in response to emergencies or alarms caused by spills or releases resulting from the operation of the UST system

Answer 176

type of soil and proximity to ground water

Answer 177

EPA works with its state, territorial, tribal and industry partners to clean up releases from USTs.

Answer 178

• Release Discovery and Confirmation - Information about detecting UST releases early, determining the source of releases, identifying the fuels released, locating imminently threatened receptors, and initiating appropriate responses • Site Characterization and Conceptual Site Model - Information about determining location of USTs and transmission piping, which contaminants are present, where contamination may have moved, the site assessment process, and potential technical and reporting requirements • Corrective Action - An overview of the corrective action process, as well as operation, maintenance, and monitoring requirements which will likely be an integral part of the process • Site Closure - Information about characterizing risk and closure, maintaining and abandoning sampling points, documenting and reporting, and closure records

Answer 179

U.S. Code, Title 42, Chapter 82, Subchapter IX.

Answer 180

all UST systems must be designed, constructed, and protected from corrosion in accordance with a code of practice developed by a nationally recognized association or independent testing laboratory. The EPA has also included the use of industry codes for other sections of the rule, such as upgrading, repairing, and closing USTs. Industry codes and standards provide a means for improving methods or developing alternative methods of UST system management in a timely manner.

Answer 181

10/13/2018

Answer 182

Delivery prohibition programs physically identify USTs that are ineligible to receive product. The mechanisms are usually red tags, but the mechanisms and their colors can vary by state. The mechanisms are generally attached to the fill pipes of ineligible tanks. If an UST does not have a red tag, then one can assume that the tank is compliant and eligible for delivery.

Answer 183

If a green tag or permit is present, then the one can assume the tank is compliant and eligible for delivery. The absence of a green tag or permit prohibits deliveries to the UST.

Answer 184

yes, most states are in the red tag program

Answer 185

notifying your regulatory authority 30 days before, conducting any necessary site assessments and remedial action, having the tank emptied and cleaned and either removing the tank or leaving it buried but filled with an inactive solid such as as sand

Answer 186

state and local fire codes

Answer 187

secondary containment; vehicle impact protection; tank shell integrity testing; site security including fencing and lockout devices; night lighting; and control of storm water runoff.

Answer 188

Facility must combine visual inspection with another testing technique such as hydrostatic testing, radiographic testing, ultrasonic testing, acoustic emissions testing or another system of non-destructive shell testing

Answer 189

must have entire capacity of the largest single container and sufficient freeboard to contain precipitation. Diked areas must be sufficiently impervious to contain discharged oil. While dikes, containment curbs, and pits are commonly employed for this purpose, an alternative system consisting of a drainage trench enclosure must be arranged so that any discharge will terminate and be safely confined in a facility catchment basin or holding pond may also be used.

Answer 190

at least one of the following: High liquid level alarms with an audible or visual signal at a constantly attended operation or surveillance station, high liquid level pump cutoff set to stop flow at a predetermined container content level, direct audible or code signal communication between the container gauge and the pumping station, a fast response system for determining the liquid level of each bulk storage container such as digital computers, telepulse, or direct vision gauges (NOTE: If you use this option, a person must be present to monitor gauges and the overall filling of bulk storage containers.)

Answer 191

New underground storage tanks must have a location and maintenance schedule which allows the system to be withdrawn from service if necessary. They must be composed of double-walled tanks with interstitial space which can be easily maintained. They must have a spill containment device on the fill pipe, liquid/vapor-tight connections, an overfill protection device, corrosion protection. If the tank is steel, a corrosion-resistant coating and cathodic protection are required.

Answer 192

must comply with other regulations. A 50mm suction pipe must be used to remove product that can be taken off to clear a blockage. Product-removal or transfer connections should be located inside a spill containment device. If the tank is filled by pump or remote manual fill, an overfill device is necessary. If the fill port is outside, there must be a spill containment device of at least 25 liters. This device must have a rain cover and screen to prevent objects from entering a tank. It must also have an in-take vent with an open area of at least twice the open area of the suction pipe to avoid vacuum collapse.

Answer 193

copper, steel, black and hot-dipped, zinc-coated, or be welded and seamless. They must have flexible underground hose connectors and non-metallic underground piping.

Answer 194

must be designed and installed so that leaks either (a) accumulate in a containment sump that can be easily inspected, or (b) are detected by a monitoring system. Underground piping up to and including 75 mm in diameter must have secondary containment as specified. Pipes must have a thermal relief valve and an anti-siphon device if piping is located below the maximum product level in the tank. A lockable manual shut-off valve is also required. Piping needs to have mechanical joints which are not buried or concealed and a liquid/vapor-tight connection at the fill point if the storage tank capacity is over 5000 liters.

Answer 195

Leaking single-walled underground tanks must be immediately and permanently withdrawn from service and removed within 2 years of the owner/operator becoming aware of the leak

Answer 196

Aboveground storage tanks in Canada are subject to standards set by the Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999 (CEPA 1999), which went into effect in June 2008. The primary objective of the regulations put in place by the CEPA was to prevent soil and groundwater contamination from storage tank systems which are located on federal and aboriginal lands.

Answer 197

The design, fabrication and installation must conform to NFCC standards and rules. The AST, as well as its components and accessories, should only be used as initially intended and indicated.

Answer 198

Aboveground storage tanks should be installed by a company or individual that has proper authorization. This often requires enlisting the expertise of a contractor or engineer outside of one’s company. Additionally, it’s required to have a third-party company or individual, and an entity that has jurisdiction, to inspect your aboveground storage tank to ensure it meets the requirements of the code. In compliance with CCME PN1180, your aboveground storage tank should be equipped to control emissions of volatile organic compounds.

Answer 199

1. The outline of all storage tanks 2. The centerline of all piping or piping groups 3. The centerline of all underground electrical power and monitor sensor conduit 4. Building foundation outlines 5. Secondary containment systems 6. Property lines

Answer 200

1. Possess required permits or approvals from the authority having jurisdiction 2. Have plans, drawings and specifications of the system or equipment which have been examined and approved by the authority having jurisdiction 3. The drawings, plans and specifications (listed above) have the stamp and signature of a professional engineer licensed to practice in the province/territory

Answer 201

must have proper corrosion protection, be outfitted with a secondary containment system, have proper leak detection which meets guidelines and also have adequate overfill protection.

Answer 202

it should be designed by a corrosion expert and conform to proper guidelines.

Answer 203

Spills, overfills, and storm water from product transfer areas shall be contained, treated and disposed of in conformance with the applicable provincial or territorial regulations, guidelines or policies. Containment area floors within dikes must slope away from the tank base towards a sump at a slope greater than 1%. An oil-water separator used to treat storm water runoff, overfills, or a spill from the product transfer area shall be sized for a minimum hydraulic flow rate of a ten-year return, one-hour storm event. It should be designed with conformance to ULC-S656-2000 “Oil-Water Separators.”

Answer 204

Alternative fueled vehicles are vehicles that do not run solely on gasoline or diesel. The vehicle is powered by a power source other than or in addition to the traditional gasoline or diesel engine.

Answer 205

hybrid electric - use both an internal combustion engine and electric power

Answer 206

battery pack and generator, regenerative braking, electric motor drive/assist, automatic start/shutoff

Answer 207

It uses automatic engine shut-off/startup technology to marginally improve fuel economy. In addition to restarting the engine, a large battery pack under the rear seat powers 20-amp AC outlets under the rear seat and in the bed. There is no electric motor which drives the wheels. Nonetheless, these vehicles are listed as hybrids on government web sites.

Answer 208

Hybrid-electric vehicles combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors to provide improved fuel economy. The engine provides most of the vehicle's power, and the electric motor provides additional power when needed, such as for accelerating and passing. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Hybrid electric motors supplement internal combustion (IC) engine by turning wheels

Answer 209

Full hybrids can use the electric motor as the sole source of propulsion for low-speed, low-acceleration driving, such as in stop-and go traffic or for backing up. This electric-only driving mode can further increase fuel efficiency under some driving conditions. In a full hybrid the electric motor and IC engine turn wheels alone or together depending on demand and battery charge.

Answer 210

An internal combustion engine powers an electric generator and only the electric motor drives the wheels. This is the simplest hybrid configuration. In a series hybrid, the electric motor is the only means of providing power to get your wheels turning. The motor receives electric power from either the battery pack or from a generator run by a gasoline engine. A computer determines how much of the power comes from the battery or the engine/generator set. Both the engine/generator and regenerative braking recharge the battery pack. The engine is typically smaller in a series drivetrain because it only has to meet average driving power demands; the battery pack is generally more powerful than the one in a parallel hybrid (see below) in order to provide remaining peak driving power needs. This larger battery and motor, along with the generator, add to the cost, making series hybrids more expensive than parallel hybrids.

Answer 211

While the engine in a conventional vehicle operates inefficiently in order to satisfy varying power demands of stop-and-go driving, series hybrids perform at their best in such conditions. This is because the gasoline engine in a series hybrid is not coupled to the wheels. This means the engine is no longer subject to the widely varying power demands experienced in stop-and-go driving and can instead operate in a narrow power range at near optimum efficiency. This also eliminates the need for a complicated multi-speed transmission and clutch. Series type hybrids are appropriate for large vehicles allowing internal combustion engines to generate the electricity to power powerful electric motors. “Diesel” locomotives are the epitome of this technology.

Answer 212

both the engine and the electric motor generate the power that drives the wheels. The addition of computer controls and a transmission allow these components to work together. This is the technology in the Insight, Civic, and Accord hybrids from Honda. Honda calls it their Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) technology. Parallel hybrids can use a smaller battery pack and therefore rely mainly on regenerative braking to keep it recharged. However, when power demands are low, parallel hybrids also utilize the drive motor as a generator for supplemental recharging, much like an alternator in conventional cars

Answer 213

Some up-and-coming hybrid models use a second electric motor to drive the rear wheels, providing electronic all-wheel drive that can improve handling and driving in bad weather conditions. Parallel hybrids run the full gambit in production sizes including sedans, medium-duty trucks and buses.

Answer 214

This drivetrain merges the advantages and complications of the parallel and series drivetrains. By combining the two designs, the engine can both drive the wheels directly (as in the parallel drivetrain) and be effectively disconnected from the wheels so that only the electric motor powers the wheels (as in the series drivetrain). The Toyota Prius has made this concept popular, and a similar technology is also in the new Ford Escape Hybrid. As a result of this dual drivetrain, the engine operates at near optimum efficiency more often. At lower speeds, it operates more as a series vehicle, while at high speeds, where the series drivetrain is less efficient, the engine takes over and energy loss is minimized. This system incurs higher costs than a pure parallel hybrid since it needs a generator, a larger battery pack, and more computing power to control the dual system. However, the series/parallel drivetrain has the potential to perform better than either of the systems alone

Answer 215

patented hybrid technology with two modes optimized for city and highway driving. Two mode hybrid systems are expected to reduce fuel consumption at highway speeds much more effectively than available single mode systems and achieve at least a 25% improvement in composite fuel economy in full-size truck applications

Answer 216

Many work trucks idle their internal combustion engines just to turn the power take-off shaft to operate hydraulic lifts, air compressors or similar chassis-mounted equipment. Some hybrid designs use electric motors supplied by batteries to perform this work instead, thereby saving significant fuel, pollution and internal combustion engine wear.

Answer 217

40% to 60% decrease in the amount of fuel used for utility trucks and 20-60% savings for aerial bucket trucks

Answer 218

The difference between an electric vehicle and a hybrid vehicle is that in a true electric vehicle only the all-electric motor supplies power to the wheels of the car at all times. The electric motor gets its energy from a very powerful high voltage battery pack that can store enough energy to drive the car a limited number of miles.

Answer 219

It can be used in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) to fuel cars and trucks.

Answer 220

nearly 87 percent of U.S. natural gas used is domestically produced, it produces 60-90 percent less smog-producing pollutants and 30-40 percent less greenhouse gas emissions, and it is less expensive than gasoline.

Answer 221

A flexible-fuel vehicle is designed to run on gasoline or a blend of up to 85 percent ethanol. This mixture is referred to as gasohol and labeled with an “E” followed by the percentage of ethanol. Except for a few engine and fuel system modifications, flex fuel are identical to gas only vehicles

Answer 222

Ethanol is obtained from sugar or starch in crops and other agricultural produce such as grain, sugarcane or even lactose. E85 ethanol is an alternative fuel to gasoline. It is a high octane, cleaner burning fuel that is a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline. Ethanol is domestically produced and mostly renewable, typically produced from grain, switch grass, willow, and other biomass resources

Answer 223

Ethanol is caustic and can slowly decompose certain rubber compounds such as are found in the fuel lines and seals in vehicles produced before the mid-1980s. Because gasoline is more volatile than Ethanol, it can be harder to start some engines using higher ethanol percentages than they were designed to use. Ethanol is also electrically conductive, unlike gasoline which is an effective insulator, and can cause problems with some early electric fuel pump designs and fuel tank sensors. Corrosion of magnesium and aluminum parts is also a concern at higher ethanol percentages. Ethanol has less energy per volume than gasoline, so miles-per-gallon ratings with ethanol mixtures are significantly worse than with pure gasoline

Answer 224

the “HD National Program” -designed to address the urgent and closely intertwined challenges of dependence on oil, energy security, and global climate change. At the same time, the program enhances American competitiveness and job creation, benefits consumers and businesses by reducing costs for transporting goods, and spurs growth in the clean energy sector

Answer 225

Estimates state the combined standards have the potential to reduce GHG emissions by nearly 250 million metric tons and save approximately 500 million barrels of oil over the life of vehicles sold during 2014 to 2018, while providing an estimated $35 billion in net benefits to truckers, or $41 billion in net benefits when societal benefits are included.

Answer 226

• Result in an average industry fleet wide level of 163 grams/mile of carbon dioxide (CO2) in model year 2025, which is equivalent to 54.5 miles per gallon (mpg) (if achieved exclusively through fuel economy improvements); • Cut 6 billion metric tons of GHG over the lifetimes of the vehicles sold in model years 2012-2025; • Save families more than $1.7 trillion in fuel costs; and • Reduce America’s dependence on oil by more than 2 million barrels per day in 2025.

Answer 227

to reduce oil consumption and to address global climate change.

Answer 228

Setting fuel consumption standards for the heavy-duty sector will improve our energy security by reducing our dependence on foreign oil

Answer 229

Transportation sources emitted 29 percent of all U.S. GHG emissions in 2007 and have been the fastest-growing source of U.S. GHG emissions since 1990. The primary GHGs of concern from transportation sources are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). The heavy-duty sector addressed in this joint proposal accounted for nearly six percent of all U.S. GHG emissions and 20 percent of transportation GHG emissions in 2007. Within the transportation sector, heavy-duty vehicles are the fastest-growing contributor to GHG emissions.

Answer 230

$7.7 billion

Answer 231

total societal benefits of $49 billion, providing $41 billion in net benefits as a result of the standards over the lifetimes of model year 2014¬ 2018 vehicles, discounted at three percent. Using technologies commercially available today, the majority of vehicles would see a payback period of one to two years, while others, especially those with lower annual miles, would experience payback periods of four to five years. For example, an operator of a semi-truck could pay for the technology upgrades in under a year, and have net savings up to $74,000 over the truck’s useful life. There are also many potential benefits of the proposed program which the agencies have not yet quantified, including benefits from reductions in emissions of non-GHG pollutants. The benefits that are currently calculated into dollar amounts include benefits from GHG reductions, energy security, and other externalities such as reduced time spent refueling.

Answer 232

(1) combination tractors; 5 (2) heavy-duty pickup trucks and vans; and (3) vocational vehicles

Answer 233

heavy-duty fleet incorporates all on-road vehicles rated at a gross vehicle weight at or above 8,500 pounds, and the engines that power them, except those covered by the current GHG emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for model years 2012-2016. Heavy-duty vehicles include both work trucks and commercial medium and heavy-duty, on-highway vehicles as defined by the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA). Heavy-duty engines affected by the proposed standards would generally be those that are installed in commercial medium and heavy-duty trucks and buses

Answer 234

trailers with engines are not covered

Answer 235

the EPA is proposing GHG emissions standards under the Clean Air Act, and NHTSA is proposing fuel efficiency standards under EISA. The goal of the joint rulemakings is to produce coordinated federal standards that help manufacturers to build a single fleet of vehicles and engines that can comply with both.

Answer 236

cap emissions of future engines to increase significantly aove the currently controlled low levels

Answer 237

Air conditioning (A/C) systems contribute to GHG emissions in two ways – direct emissions through refrigerant leakage and indirect emissions due to the extra load on the vehicle’s engine to provide power to the air conditioning system. HFC refrigerants, which are powerful GHG pollutants, can leak from the A/C system

Answer 238

The primary proposed flexibility provisions are an engine averaging, banking, and trading (ABT) program and a vehicle ABT program. These ABT programs would allow for emission and/or fuel consumption credits to be averaged, banked, or traded within each of the regulatory subcategories; however, it is proposed that credits would not be allowed to be transferred across categories. In addition to the general ABT programs, EPA is proposing to allow engine manufacturers the added option of using CO2 credits to offset CH4 or N2O emissions that exceed the applicable emission standards based on the relative global warming potentials of these emissions.

Answer 239

The agencies are proposing three additional optional credit opportunities. The first is an early credit option intended for manufacturers who demonstrate improvements in excess of a proposed standard prior to the model year that it becomes effective. The second is a credit program intended to promote implementation of advanced technologies, such as hybrid powertrains, Rankine cycle engines, and electric or fuel cell vehicles. The last is a credit intended to apply to new and innovative technologies that reduce vehicle CO2 emissions and fuel consumption, but for which the benefits are not captured over the test procedure used to determine compliance with the standards (i.e., “off-cycle”).

Answer 240

the majority of vehicles carry payloads of goods or equipment, in addition to passengers

Answer 241

payload-dependent gram per mile (and gallon per 100-mile) standards for pickups and vans; and gram per ton-mile (and gallon per 1,000 ton-mile) standards proposed for vocational vehicles and combination tractors. These proposed metrics account for the fact that the work to move heavier loads burns more fuel, and emits more CO2 than in moving lighter loads.

Answer 242

identify technologies as well as operational approaches that fleet owners, drivers, and freight customers can incorporate. NHTSA and EPA believe that operational measures promoted by SmartWay can complement the proposed standards and provide benefits for the existing heavy-duty fleet

Answer 243

EPA is proposing to establish standards for this segment in the form of a set of target standard curves based on a work factor that combines a vehicle's payload, towing capabilities, and wehther it is 4 wheel drive.

Answer 244

vocational vehicles consist of a very wide variety of truck and bus types including delivery, refuse, utility, dump, cement, transit bus, shuttle bus, school bus, emergency vehicles, motor homes, tow trucks, and many more

Answer 245

the agencies are proposing to regulate chassis manufacturers for this segment and divide this segment into 3 regulatory subcategories based on engine classification, light heavy (class 2b through 5), Medium Heavy (Class 6 and 7), and Heavy (Class 8)

Answer 246

In internal combustion engines, variable valve timing is the process of altering the timing of a valve lift event, and is often used to improve performance, fuel economy or emissions

Answer 247

Active Fuel Management (formerly known as displacement on demand (DoD)) is a trademarked name for the automobile variable displacement technology from General Motors. It allows a V6 or V8 engine to "turn off" half of the cylinders under light-load conditions to improve fuel economy. Estimated performance on EPA tests show a 5.5%-7.5% improvement in fuel economy. GM's current Active Fuel Management technology uses a solenoid to deactivate the lifters on selected cylinders of a pushrod V-layout engine (Figure 4.10 on the next page).

Answer 248

The Atkinson-cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of power density, or total power extracted per unit of displacement per rotation.

Answer 249

A partial zero emissions vehicle is a vehicle that has zero evaporative emissions from its fuel system, has a 15-year (or at least 150,000-mile) warranty on its emission-control components, and meets SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle) tailpipe-emission standard.

Answer 250

Electronic fuel injection (EFI) replaced carburetors back in the mid-1980s as the preferred method for supplying air and fuel to engines. The basic difference is that a carburetor uses intake vacuum and a pressure drop in the venturi (the narrow part of the carburetor throat) to siphon fuel from the carburetor fuel bowl into the engine whereas fuel injection uses pressure to spray fuel directly into the engine.

Answer 251

Fuel injection generally increases engine fuel efficiency. With the improved cylinder-to-cylinder fuel distribution of multi-point fuel injection, less fuel is needed for the same power output (when cylinder-to-cylinder distribution varies significantly, some cylinders receive excess fuel as a side effect of ensuring that all cylinders receive sufficient fuel).

Answer 252

Exhaust emissions are cleaner because the more precise and accurate fuel metering reduces the concentration of toxic combustion byproducts leaving the engine. The more consistent and predictable composition of the exhaust makes emissions control devices such as catalytic converters more effective and easier to design

Answer 253

Earlier electronic diesel fuel systems, relying on simpler injectors, often injected into a sub-chamber shaped to swirl the compressed air and improve combustion; this was known as indirect injection. However, this was less efficient than the now common direct injection in which initiation of combustion takes place in a depression (often toroidal) in the crown of the piston.

Answer 254

In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is being used widely to reduce and control the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission from diesel engines. EGR controls the NOx because it lowers oxygen concentration and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an effective strategy to control NOx emissions from diesel engines. The EGR reduces NOx through lowering the oxygen concentration in the combustion chamber, as well as through heat absorption.

Answer 255

From 1972/73 to the late 1980s EGR was commonly used for NOx control in gasoline fueled passenger car and light-duty truck engines in North America. After the early 1990s, some gasoline-fueled applications could dispense with EGR. Following the early gasoline application, EGR was also introduced to diesel passenger cars and light-duty trucks and then heavy-duty diesel engines. While there were applications to heavy-duty di.esel dating back to the 1970s, it was not until the early 2000s that cooled EGR became very common in heavy-duty diesel engines in North America. After 2010, the application of EGR into light-duty gasoline engines was expanded—not for NOx control but for fuel economy purposes. Using EGR in downsized, direct-injected gasoline engines can reduce pumping losses, improve combustion efficiency, improve knock tolerance and lessen the need for fuel enrichment

Answer 256

More than one technical route exists to meet a given NOx limit, and EGR can sometimes be used as one of several alternative technologies. Such competition exists, for example, between cooled EGR and urea-SCR technology in heavy-duty Euro IV, Euro V and US 2010 diesel engines. However, to meet more stringent NOx emission limits, it may be necessary to use EGR in combination with NOx reduction catalysts (Figure 4.14).

Answer 257

device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust has of a diesel engine.

Answer 258

reduce 85 to 90 percent or more of diesel emissions

Answer 259

Selective Catalytic Reduction is an advanced active emissions control technology system that injects a liquid-reductant agent through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The reductant source is usually automotive-grade urea, otherwise known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF).

Answer 260

Reduces particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. SCR can reduce NOx emissions up to 90% while simultaneously reducing HC and CO emissions by 50-90 percent, and PM emissions by 30-50 percent. SCR systems can also be combined with a diesel particulate filter to achieve even greater emission reductions for PM. Small quantities of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) are injected into the exhaust upstream of a catalyst, where it vaporizes and decomposes to form ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia (NH3) is the desired product which in conjunction to the SCR catalyst, converts the NOx to harmless nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O). This reduces the oxygen content to a lower combustion temperature resulting in a reduction of NOx formation. The exhaust gas is cooled as it flows through an EGR cooler, and then is mixed with the compressed fresh air from the turbocharger before entering the intake manifold.

Answer 261

The National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) leads the development of science and research in support of EPA’s regulations in the transportation sector. The lab plays a crucial role in supporting the Office of Transportation and Air Quality’s technology assessment and test method development programs for light-duty cars and trucks, heavy-duty engines, and small off-road engines. NVFEL is a leading innovator in finding novel ways to reduce the environmental impact of vehicles, engines, and fuels, and holds over 90 U.S. patents on advanced technology developed at the lab.

Answer 262

The National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) tests a portion of all heavy-duty diesel and small gasoline engines intended for sale in the United States to confirm compliance with EPA's exhaust emissions standards. This includes on road and off-road diesel engines 200 horse power (HP) and larger, and non-road gasoline engines 30HP and smaller.

Answer 263

In 2012, NVFEL's National Center for Advanced Technology (NCAT) developed a special laboratory test program to assess the effectiveness of a broad range of key light-duty vehicle technologies to better understand their potential for enabling manufacturers to meet EPA's 2017-2025 light-duty vehicle Greenhouse Gas standards. NVFEL is leading the integration of the laboratory data into a comprehensive light-duty vehicle modeling tool (ALPHA), which may be used to predict the greenhouse gas reductions possible from various combinations of vehicle technologies.

Answer 264

the engine testing center has been mapping out the fuel consumption of heavy-duty engines at various operating conditions and using the results to validate Office of Transportation and Air Quality's (OTAQ) heavy-duty Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (GEM).

Answer 265

Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels. It can be used in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) to fuel cars and trucks.

Answer 266

Dedicated natural gas vehicles are designed to run on natural gas only, while dual-fuel or bi-fuel vehicles can also run on gasoline or diesel.

Answer 267

The advantages of natural gas include the fact that nearly 87 percent of U.S. natural gas used is domestically produced, it produces 60-90 percent less smog-producing pollutants and 30-40 percent less greenhouse gas emissions, and it is less expensive than gasoline.

Answer 268

• There are over 150,000 NGVs on U.S. roads today and over 15.2 million worldwide. • There are over 1,800 NGV fueling stations in the U.S. - over half are available for public use. • Over 50 different manufacturers produce 150 models of light, medium and heavy-duty vehicles and engines.

Answer 269

There are more than 270,000 on-road propane vehicles in the United States and more than 10 million worldwide. Many are light and heavy-duty trucks, buses, taxicabs, police cars, and rental and delivery vehicles.

Answer 270

Propane vehicle power, acceleration, and cruising speed are similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles

Answer 271

lower maintenance costs are a prime reason behind propane's popularity for use in delivery trucks, taxis, and buses. Propane's high-octane rating (104 to 112 compared with 87 to 92 for gasoline) and low carbon and oil contamination characteristics have resulted in documented engine life of up to two times that of gasoline engines. Because the fuel mixture (propane and air) is completely gaseous, cold start problems associated with liquid fuel are eliminated. Compared with vehicles fueled with conventional diesel and gasoline, propane vehicles can produce significantly lower amounts of harmful emissions.

Answer 272

Propane vehicles work much like gasoline-powered vehicles with spark-ignited engines. Propane is stored as a liquid in a relatively low-pressure tank (about 300 pounds per square inch). Liquid propane travels along a fuel line into the engine compartment. The supply of propane to the engine is controlled by a regulator or vaporizer, which converts the liquid propane to a vapor. The vapor is fed to a mixer located near the intake manifold, where it is metered and mixed with filtered air before being drawn into the combustion chamber where it is burned to produce power, just like gasoline.

Answer 273

Propane vehicles can either be from an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or conversions. Certified installers can economically and reliably retrofit many light-duty vehicles for propane operation.

Answer 274

• Decreasing fuel costs • Decreasing engine maintenance costs • Extending engine life • Improving operator well-being by decreasing noise levels • Decreasing emissions that are harmful to the environment.

Answer 275

• Modified driver behavior • Idling reduction technologies, which are assessed and verified by EPA

Answer 276

that provide power for climate control and electrical devices in trucks, locomotives, and marine vehicles without idling. These systems are generally composed of a small internal combustion engine (usually diesel) equipped with a generator to provide electricity and heat.

Answer 277

These diesel-fired heaters supply warm air to the cab or bunk. An engine block heater can also be included. Diesel heaters use only small amounts of fuel and have very low emissions because they supply heat directly from a small combustion flame to a heat exchanger. Standard diesel fuel is used. Cab or bunk heaters can be coupled with air conditioners if the trucker's service area includes both cold winters and hot summers.

Answer 278

Coolant heaters use the truck's regular heat-transfer system. The heater is mounted in the engine compartment, draws gasoline or diesel from the fuel tank to heat the vehicle's coolant, and pumps the heated coolant through the engine, radiator, and heater box. Coolant heaters keep the engine warm, reducing the impact of cold starts.

Answer 279

Energy recovery systems use the vehicle's heat-transfer system, much like a coolant heater, but without a separate piece of equipment. A very small electric pump is connected to the water line, which keeps the truck's cooling system and heater operating after the engine is turned off, using engine heat that would otherwise dissipate. Energy recovery systems typically do not provide enough warmth to be a sole source of overnight heat.

Answer 280

Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and industrial processes.

Answer 281

There are three kinds of TES systems, namely: 1) sensible heat storage that is based on storing thermal energy by heating or cooling a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g. water, sand, molten salts, rocks), with water being the cheapest option; 2) latent heat storage using phase change materials or PCMs (e.g. from a solid state into a liquid state); and 3) thermo-chemical storage (TCS) using chemical reactions to store and release thermal energy.

Answer 282

Thermal energy storage systems can be either centralized or distributed systems. Centralized applications can be used in district heating or cooling systems, large industrial plants, combined heat and power plants, or in renewable power plants (e.g. CSP plants). Distributed systems are mostly applied in domestic or commercial buildings to capture solar energy for water and space heating or cooling. In both cases, TES systems may reduce energy demand at peak times.

Answer 283

A TES system’s economic performance depends substantially on its specific application and operational needs, including the number and frequency of storage cycles. In general, PCM and TCS systems are more expensive than sensible heat systems and are economically viable only for applications with a high number of cycles. In mature economies (e.g. OECD countries), a major constraint for TES deployment is the low construction rate of new buildings, while in emerging economies TES systems have a larger deployment potential.

Answer 284

The most popular and commercial heat storage medium is water, which has several residential and industrial applications. Underground storage of sensible heat in both liquid and solid media is also used for typically large-scale applications. However, TES systems based on sensible heat storage offer a storage capacity that is limited by the specific heat of the storage medium. Phase change materials (PCMs) can offer a higher storage capacity that is associated with the latent heat of the phase change. PCMs also enable a target-oriented discharging temperature that is set by the constant temperature of the phase change. Thermo-chemical storage (TCS) can offer even higher storage capacities.

Answer 285

TES systems based on sensible heat storage offer a storage capacity ranging from 10-50 kWh/t and storage efficiencies between 50-90%, depending on the specific heat of the storage medium and thermal insulation technologies. Costs of latent heat storage systems based on PCMs range between €10-50/kWh while TCS costs are estimated to range from €8-100/kWh. The economic viability of a TES depends heavily on application and operation needs, including the number and frequency of the storage cycles

Answer 286

cost is a major issue. Storage systems based on TCS and PCM also need improvements in the stability of storage performance, which is associated with material properties.

Answer 287

Battery-electric air conditioners (storage cooling) derive energy to recharge the storage device from the truck's engine during operation or from plugging in to external power sources at truck stops. The engine uses a small quantity of extra diesel for recharging the air conditioner. The emissions from burning this fuel (which are controlled by the engine's emissions control system) occur on the highway rather than at the truck stop or depot

Answer 288

Electrified parking spaces (EPS), also known as truck stop electrification (TSE), provide truck drivers the necessary services, such as heating, air conditioning, or appliances, without requiring them to idle their engine. Since it’s three times harder on an engine to idle than to pull a load, it can be very beneficial for the trucks. While there is no limit to the length of time a truck can access power, a lack of adequate infrastructure has prevented widespread adoption of this technology.

Answer 289

In single-system electrification, off-board equipment at the truck stop provides internet, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). These HVAC systems are contained in a structure above (called a gantry) or on a pedestal beside the truck parking spaces. A hose from the HVAC system is connected to the truck window and, in some cases, to a computer touch screen that enables payment. These stand-alone systems are generally owned and maintained by private companies that charge an hourly fee. To accommodate the HVAC hose, an inexpensive window template may be required in the truck.

Answer 290

Dual-system electrification, also known as "shorepower," requires both onboard and off-board equipment so trucks can plug into electrical outlets at the truck stop. To use dual-system electrification, trucks must be equipped with AC equipment or an inverter to convert 120-volt power, electrical equipment, and hardware to plug into the electrical outlet. Necessary electrical equipment might include an electrical HVAC system. Truck stop outlets are owned by the truck stop or by a private company that regulates use and fees. The trucking company or driver owns and maintains the onboard equipment.

Fuel Study Guide Flashcards

(317 cards)